Laying the Foundation: An Analytical Tool for Assessing Legal and Institutional Readiness for PES

This booklet has been created as an initial resource for public sector officials interested in fostering an environment in which PES transactions can occur. While PES legal and policy readiness is likely to look very different from one country to another -- depending on legal frameworks, as well as historical and current circumstances and pressures -- understanding policy options for getting ready for PES transactions is an important first step towards assessing readiness within a specific national and subnational context.This booklet offers an analytical framework for assessing legal and institutional readiness for PES transactions. It is divided into three sections based on timing and the order of addressing issues, with an eye to what will be most important to investors and buyers in payment for ecosystem services agreements. Specifically, the first level of preparing for PES agreements should be ensuring that fundamental or threshold conditions are in place for buyers to feel that there is sufficient stability in place to consider entering in these business arrangements. The second level of preparedness, while important for well-functioning PES, may be developed adaptively as needs and options become clearer via PES experience on the ground. Finally, level three includes non-urgent aspects that may be important to streamline or scale up PES, depending on the particular circumstances

Potensi Pembayaran Jasa Lingkungan Hutan Mangrove di Kecamatan Jailolo Kabupaten Halmahera Barat

Payment for environmental services (PES) to mangrove forest is judged appropriate for applied in Jailolo Sub-district of West Halmahera District as a protection of mangrove ecosystems. This is due to the high utilization of mangrove environment services. If not managed properly can potentially threaten the preservation of mangrove forests. Benefits that have been perceived by the public such as a water source, pond, travel, as well as the protection of coastal areas. These benefits must be preserved for the future availability of environmental services namely through the payment of the services already provided the commonly named as payment for environmental services (PES). PES is also very supported by West Halmahera District Regulation No. 4 of 2012 year and constitution No. 32 of 2009 year about the protection and environmental management. Basically, PES is a scheme that aims to restore and protect the availability of goods and environmental services sustainable. Therefore, PES initiation for mangrove forest economy preservation in Jailolo Sub-district needs to be studied. This research aims to: 1) Identify environmental services of mangrove forest ecosystems that are potential for PES; 2) Examines the perceptions of the public service providers (providers) towards the implementation of the plan; and 3) How much willingness to accept (WTA) community as a providers of environmental services (providers) if PES is applied. The research results showed that the service potentially initiated PES are sea-water intrusion regulating service and the cultural service of mangrove tourism. For perception and public participation, environmental service providers about the mangrove environment services were judged to be sufficient for determining PES plan assignment, where communities want to participate if the maintenance costs were IDR3.350,00/trees/yea

Welfare Implications of the Payment for Environmental Services: Case of Uluguru Mountain –Morogoro

This study was carried to find out the impact of PES (Payment for Environmental Services) on the welfare of the communities in the Uluguru Mountains. The aim of the study is to assess the main objectives of the PES project which is to conserve the environment (forest) and reduce poverty. The assessment of the project is done by looking on the difference between the treatment group (those who participate in PES) and control group (households who do not participate). The study employed a combination of questionnaire and field observation to collect primary data together with a detailed review of literature. The study utilized Propensity Score Matching (PSM), Descriptive statistics, Perception and Logistic analysis. In all the methods of analysis the results shows that there is a significant difference in the poverty status between treatment and control groups with treatment groups showing low level of poverty. In the regression analysis it is shown that participation into the programme, age of the respondents, the level of dependence on natural resources are found to significantly reduce poverty.Keywords: Payment for Ecosystem Services, Welfare, communities Propensity Score Matchin

WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICE OF FOREST TREES BY COOPERATE ORGANISATIONS

Payments for environmental services (PES) especially of the forests are considered a potential instrument to mitigate environment and development challenges faced in many tropical countries. The success of any PES scheme is highly dependent on reliable economic data and monetary values of the services provided by the forest trees and vegetation. Hence the relevance of this study which adopted the contingent valuation method (CVM) to derive a monetary valuation for the environmental service functions of forest trees in University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (UNAAB) urban environment. Data were obtained from a multistage random sampling of 48 out of the 75 registered students’ Corporate Organisation made of Academic, Religion and Socio-cultural organisations and clubs. The results show that 77% of the respondents were willing to pay (WTP) various amounts ranging from N5 – N1000 monthly. One hundred naira (N100.00) was the modal value having recorded 38% response and closely followed by N200.00 with 30% response. The overall mean WTP value resulted into an aggregate estimate value of UNAAB urban forest trees environmental value of UNAAB urban forest trees environmental services which is N7,800 (US$1 = N140). The semi-log model of regression equation revealed respondents’ income, sources of income and years of existence as the socio-economic variables that significantly influenced WTP. It can be concluded from this study that the sampled respondent valued the environmental services of the forest especially the shade provided for them during their meetings to the extent that they are willing to contribute towards the continue existence of trees and by implication the forests in the University environment. Payment for environmental services either in form of voluntary donations or direct contribution towards forest tree plantings can be an incentive to the providers of the services be it private or government.Contingent valuation, Environmental services, Willingness to pay (WTP), Environmental Economics and Policy,

Revising Payment for Ecosystem Services in the Light of Stewardship: The Need for a Legal Framework

Since the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) highlighted the importance of ecosystem services for human well-being, the payments for such services have increasingly been drawing the attention of governments, the private sector and academia. Nonetheless, there is not yet a specific legal framework which is able to capture the complexity of managing natural resources and, at the same time, deal with the numerous drawbacks that have been identified by critics, who are opposed to using financialisation of the environment as a tool. This paper, after briefly summarizing some of the main features and criticisms of the Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), will critically assess the understanding of property rights over natural resources as stewardship, rather than as entitlement, because this interpretation is more coherent with the inherent characteristics of natural resources and, consequently, of ecosystem services. The novel usage of a stewardship dimension to property rights underlines the necessity for a legal framework for PES, constituted by “property-liability rules”

Assessment of Preferred Ecological Restoration Approach through Stakeholders’ Attitude in Ghana. (A Case Study in Adubriem Village in Ashanti Bekwai)

Restoring disturbed abandoned mine lands form an integral part of a mining process. Recognized mining entities are tracked by stakeholders on their restoration activities unlike illegal miners who destroy lands and create burdens for the government. The extent to which ecosystems have been destroyed in Ghana has pressured government to bear the cost of restoration. This research looks at preferred approaches government can use to restore abandoned mine sites. The research used a stakeholder analysis and questionnaires to analyze opinions and preferences towards ecological restoration. The approaches included government-based restoration, community based and payment for ecosystem services (PES). From the research community members preferred community based ecological restoration to the others. The research showed that members either agreed or strongly agreed community mining was an effective way of solving the issue of illegal mining. The research also showed community members believed community mining was a collective effort to protect the environment Keywords: Ecological restoration, illegal mining, government-based restoration, community mining, Payment for ecosystem services (PES) DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-24-01 Publication date: December 31st 202

Payment for Environmental Services: Status and Opportunities in Kenya

Payment for Ecosystem Service (PES) is a market driven tool to motivate upstream land owners to practices land uses that enhance water quantity flows through compensation incentive packages supported by downstream beneficiaries and partners.  PES is a voluntary engagement that involves negotiation by sellers and buyers of ecosystem products and services through independent intermediaries. The country is facing high deforestation and degradation rates within the key watersheds that threaten future supply of water for various socioeconomic activities. The PES concept has been around for the last two decades and many projects have been undertaken in the country hence the need to evaluate its adoption rates and subsequent outcomes to inform future direction of research and investments in PES schemes in the country. A study was initiated by Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI) and partners in 2016 to collect information on the experiences by several projects in the implementation of PES schemes. This was informed by the fact that information and data on use of PES in watershed management in Kenya is scanty and disjointed hence the needs for comprehensive study to update stakeholders on its status and experiences. Similarly, the country has to manage its watersheds in accordance with international standards and hence needs to tap into the most effective approaches and technologies available within its socioeconomic and ecological contexts. The study results indicate that the country has put in place some policy and legal framework to support PES piloting schemes. The cross sector study identified 15 projects on carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, watershed protection and a bundled combination of these services that have been implemented in the country. PES schemes promoted conservation friendly land uses and offered a wide range of incentives to communities and individuals who are custodians of the natural resources through negotiated engagements. The PES schemes faced several challenges related to high population, smallholder farms, inadequate policy and legal frameworks and governance issues that tended to increase implementation costs and hinder effective participation. The opportunities include a wide range of conservation land uses such as contour terraces, tree planting, grass strips along rivers and differed or controlled grazing in drylands. PES schemes in most cases have provided significant benefits and income opportunities to local communities including increased agricultural incomes, social assets, employment and biodiversity conservation. The experience from pilot PES schemes provides practical lessons that can inform the future design and implementation of PES models within the context of the local situations. The agencies that have interest in forestry and other environment services should continue to pursue the path of PES mechanisms to address environmental degradation and diminishing environmental resources.  This is premised on the fact that ES services directly and indirectly support socioeconomic development especially at local levels. However, there is need for some policy and legislative reforms to mainstream PES principles sectoral plans and conservation projects and was enhance enforcement of existing legislation and Acts Keywords: payment for ecosystem services, experiences status, watersheds, income opportunities

Payment for Ecosystems Services: A Pathway for Environmental Conservation in Uganda

Ecosystem services are components of nature, directly enjoyed, consumed, or used to yield human well-being. They occur wherever plants, animals and people have interdependent relationships within the context of their physical environment. Payment for ecosystem services (PES) is a developing system which refers to payment for economic value of ecosystems. It is a scheme designed to provide incentives to individual landowners and local communities to conserve the environment. PES schemes seek to formulate a certain value to environmental services and establish appropriate pricing, institutional and redistribution systems that will lead to sustainable and socially optimal land use practices. These schemes tend to work best when the value of environmental services is high for beneficiaries and the cost of providing the services is low. The scheme provides opportunities for wildlife conservation partnerships around multiple zoning for food, medicines, firewood, handicrafts prototype carbon fund (PCF) operations for projects on emission reductions watershed management; ecotourism and supporting services especially soil formation and nutrient recycling. By making environmental conservation a livelihood opportunity, the scheme provides social and economic benefits as well as meeting environmental aims.There is an increasing interest in PES schemes because they reward individuals, communities and projects for conserving ecosystem services. Uganda is gifted by nature, its geographical location has endowed it with a range of geographical features which range from glacier topped mountains, tropical rain forests, and dry deciduous acacia bush lands, to vast lakes and rivers, wetlands as well as fertile agricultural landscapes. PES in Uganda is a relatively new practice and there is still much to learn about how the concepts and principles can be applied to benefit environmental conservation. There are pilot project schemes regarding wildlife conservation and forests partnerships, regulatory functions include PCF operations for projects on emission reductions and CDM and watershed management, cultural and touristic including ecotourism; and supporting services especially soil formation and nutrient recycling. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of the payment for ecosystems in environmental conservation in Uganda. The paper examines the PES schemes that are being implemented; the legal and institutional framework for their implementation, the benefits and challenges of payments for ecosystem services; and suggestions for implementing them

Performance of agglomeration bonuses in conservation auctions: Lessons from a framed field experiment

The incorporation of an agglomeration bonus payment to encourage spatial coordination in auction mechanisms to allocate Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) contracts has been explored as a promising innovation that could enhance the effectiveness of PES schemes. Empirical evidence on the performance of this particular design feature is scant, and almost exclusively derived from laboratory experiments using student subjects. This study reports results from a framed field experimental auction allocating PES contracts with and without agglomeration bonus payments using actual forest land owners in rural China as subjects. We find tentative evidence that, in a PES auction that provides agglomeration bonuses, subjects tend to bid less in anticipation of receiving bonus payments when their neighbours are also successful in the auction. In addition, we have mixed findings as to whether the agglomeration bonus is able to induce a bidding pattern in favour of contiguous conservation. The two sets of results convey some encouraging signals of the theoretically postulated cost-effectiveness and conservation efficacy of the agglomeration bonus. Further research from the actual field is warranted in light of the policy significance of this innovative incentive mechanism.British Academy The Environment for Development Initiative

Payment for Environmental Services and Polder Sustainable Management in the Context for Poverty Reduction in Semarang

Environmental issues are externalities of economicdevelopment requires the handling of various instrumentsin order to be in harmony with the eco-nomicdevelopment environment. Payment for Envi-ronmentalServices (PES) is now being developed globally as amarket-based instrument that is prom-ising to addressthe issue of degradation of natural resources and theenvironment. PES mechanism has to be said that theconcept is simple and flexible in a variety of conditions,so that the application was highly variable throughoutthe world. The main prob-lem lies in whether thePayment for Environmental Services (PES) that is nowbeing developed globally as a market-based instrumentsare quite capable of dealing with poverty anddegradation of natural re-sources and the environment.Refer to research find-ing shows that Tawang Polderhas significant direct and indirect value for society.About 50% house-hold stated that they accept PES and20% who re-ject the PES. Even PES is quiet potential inreducing poverty in these areas. Even in the societylevel such as huge support in Polder systems, socialcapital and local wisdom, the system management ofpolder should be designed appropriately and have to increasethe level of participation in decision making.Another factor is also important is polder institutionwhich has to be design clearly and transparent based onperformance standart. The last factor is politic capitalshould be aware of democratization.Keywords : Environtmental Management, PovertyReduction, Polder Syste