266,430 research outputs found
Rotation in the NGC 1333 IRAS 4C Outflow
We report molecular line observations of the NGC 1333 IRAS 4C outflow in the
Perseus Molecular Cloud with the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array.
The CCH and CS emission reveal an outflow cavity structure with clear
signatures of rotation with respect to the outflow axis. The rotation is
detected from about 120 au up to about 1400 au above the envelope/disk
mid-plane. As the distance to the central source increases, the rotation
velocity of the outflow decreases while the outflow radius increases, which
gives a flat specific angular momentum distribution along the outflow. The mean
specific angular momentum of the outflow is about 100 au km/s. Based on
reasonable assumptions on the outward velocity of the outflow and the protostar
mass, we estimate the range of outflow launching radii to be 5-15 au. Such a
launching radius rules out that this outflow is launched as an X-wind, but
rather, it is more consistent to be a slow disk wind launched from relatively
large radii on the disk. The radius of the centrifugal barrier is roughly
estimated, and the role of the centrifugal barrier in the outflow launching is
discussed.Comment: Accepted to ApJ. 29 pages, 8 figure
First Detection of A Sub-kpc Scale Molecular Outflow in the Starburst Galaxy NGC 3628
We successfully detected a molecular outflow with a scale of 370-450 pc in
the central region of the starburst galaxy NGC 3628 through deep CO(1-0)
observations by using the Nobeyama Millimeter Array (NMA). The mass of the
outflowing molecular gas is ~2.8x10^7 M_sun, and the outflow velocity is
~90(+/-10) km s^{-1}. The expansion timescale of the outflow is 3.3-6.8 Myr,
and the molecular gas mass flow rate is 4.1-8.5 M_sun yr^{-1}. It requires
mechanical energy of (1.8-2.8)x10^{54} erg to create this sub-kpc scale
molecular outflow. In order to understand the evolution of the molecular
outflow, we compare the physical properties between the molecular outflow
observed from our NMA CO(1-0) data and the plasma gas from the soft X-ray
emission of the Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) archival data. We found that
the distribution between the molecular outflow and the strong plasma outflow
seems to be in a similar region. In this region, the ram pressure and the
thermal pressure of the plasma outflow are 10^{-(8-10)} dyne cm^{-2}, and the
thermal pressure of molecular outflow is 10^{-(11-13)} dyne cm^{-2}. This
implies the molecular outflow is still expanding outward. The molecular gas
consumption timescale is estimated as 17-27 Myr, and the total starburst
timescale is 20-34 Myr. The evolutionary parameter is 0.11-0.25, suggesting
that the starburst activity in NGC 3628 is still in a young stage.Comment: 15 pages, 14 figures, accepted by Ap
A Case of HeartMate 3 Outflow Graft Twisting with Extraluminal Thrombosis: Is Computed Tomography Angiography Helpful?
Twists in the outflow graft of the HeartMateTM 3 device (Abbott) have recently been described as a sporadic, late complication. We present a case with a unique combination of external compression of the HeartMate 3 outflow graft by a surgical scar compounded by thrombus formation in the space between the band relief and the outflow graft with associated twist of the outflow graft and severe flow limitation. Computed tomography angiogram (CTA) of the chest was suggestive of outflow graft thrombosis. Our case sheds additional light on the limited specificity of gated CTA in distinguishing the outflow graft twisting from thrombotic obstruction and kinking
Impact of Protostellar Outflow on Star Formation: Effects of Initial Cloud Mass
Star formation efficiency controlled by the protostellar outflow in a single
cloud core is investigated by three-dimensional resistive MHD simulations.
Starting from the prestellar cloud core, the star formation process is
calculated until the end of the main accretion phase. In the calculations, the
mass of the prestellar cloud is parameterized. During the star formation, the
protostellar outflow is driven by the circumstellar disk. The outflow extends
also in the transverse direction until its width becomes comparable to the
initial cloud scale, and thus, the outflow has a wide opening angle of >40
degrees. As a result, the protostellar outflow sweeps up a large fraction of
the infalling material and ejects it into the interstellar space. The outflow
can eject at most over half of the host cloud mass, significantly decreasing
star formation efficiency. The outflow power is stronger in clouds with a
greater initial mass. Thus, the protostellar outflow effectively suppresses
star formation efficiency in a massive cloud. The outflow weakens significantly
and disappears in several free-fall timescales of the initial cloud after the
cloud begins to collapse. The natal prestellar core influences the lifetime and
size of the outflow. At the end of the main accretion phase, a massive
circumstellar disk comparable in mass to the protostar remains. Calculations
show that typically, ~30% of the initial cloud mass is converted into the
protostar and ~20% remains in the circumstellar disk, while ~40% is ejected
into the interstellar space by the protostellar outflow. Therefore, a single
cloud core typically has a star formation efficiency of 30-50%.Comment: 43 pages, 14 figures, Submitted to MNRAS. For high resolution figures
see http://jupiter.geo.kyushu-u.ac.jp/machida/arxiv/sfe.pd
Jets, Disks and Spectral States of Black Holes
We show that outflow rates in jets directly depend on the spectral states of
black holes. In particular, in soft states, when the Comptonized electrons are
cold, outflow rate is close to zero. In hard states, outflow could be steady,
but the rate may be very small -- only a few percent of the inflow. In the
intermediate states, on the other hand, the outflow rate is the highest --
roughly thirty percent of the inflow. In this case, piled up matter below the
sonic surface of the outflow could become optically thick and radiative
processes could periodically cool the outflow and produce very interesting
effects including transitions between burst (high-count or On) and quiescence
(low-count or Off) states such as those observed in GRS 1915+105.Comment: Latex AIP Styl
Rotational Structure and Outflow in the Infrared Dark Cloud 18223-3
We examine an Infrared Dark Cloud (IRDC) at high spatial resolution as a
means to study rotation, outflow, and infall at the onset of massive star
formation. Submillimeter Array observations combined with IRAM 30 meter data in
12CO(2--1) reveal the outflow orientation in the IRDC 18223-3 region, and PdBI
3 mm observations confirm this orientation in other molecular species. The
implication of the outflow's presence is that an accretion disk is feeding it,
so using high density tracers such as C18O, N2H+, and CH3OH, we looked for
indications of a velocity gradient perpendicular to the outflow direction.
Surprisingly, this gradient turns out to be most apparent in CH3OH. The large
size (28,000 AU) of the flattened rotating object detected indicates that this
velocity gradient cannot be due solely to a disk, but rather from inward
spiraling gas within which a Keplerian disk likely exists. From the outflow
parameters, we derive properties of the source such as an outflow dynamical age
of ~37,000 years, outflow mass of ~13 M_sun, and outflow energy of ~1.7 x 10^46
erg. While the outflow mass and energy are clearly consistent with a high-mass
star forming region, the outflow dynamical age indicates a slightly more
evolved evolutionary stage than previous spectral energy distribution (SED)
modeling indicates. The calculated outflow properties reveal that this is truly
a massive star in the making. We also present a model of the observed methanol
velocity gradient. The rotational signatures can be modeled via rotationally
infalling gas. These data present evidence for one of the youngest known
outflow/infall/disk systems in massive star formation. A tentative evolutionary
picture for massive disks is discussed.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A. Figures 2,3,6,
and 9 are available at higher resolution by email or in the journal
publicatio
The Influences of Outflow on the Dynamics of Inflow
Both numerical simulations and observations indicate that in an
advection-dominated accretion flow most of the accretion material supplied at
the outer boundary will not reach the inner boundary. Rather, they are lost via
outflow. Previously, the influence of outflow on the dynamics of inflow is
taken into account only by adopting a radius-dependent mass accretion rate
with . In this paper, based on a 1.5
dimensional description to the accretion flow, we investigate this problem in
more detail by considering the interchange of mass, radial and azimuthal
momentum, and the energy between the outflow and inflow. The physical
quantities of the outflow is parameterized based on our current understandings
to the properties of outflow mainly from numerical simulations of accretion
flows. Our results indicate that under reasonable assumptions to the properties
of outflow, the main influence of outflow has been properly included by
adopting .Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures. accepted for publication in Ap
Modified Slim-Disk Model Based on Radiation-Hydrodynamic Simulation Data: The Conflict Between Outflow and Photon Trapping
Photon trapping and outflow are two key physics associated with the
supercritical accretion flow. We investigate the conflict between these two
processes based on two-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic (RHD) simulation data
and construct a simplified (radially) one-dimensional model. Mass loss due to
outflow, which is not considered in the slim-disk model, will reduce surface
density of the flow, and if very significant, it will totally suppress photon
trapping effects. If the photon trapping is very significant, conversely,
outflow will be suppressed because radiation pressure force will be reduced. To
see what actually occurs, we examine the RHD simulation data and evaluate the
accretion rate and outflow rate as functions of radius. We find that the former
monotonically decreases, while the latter increases, as the radius decreases.
However, the former is kept constant at small radii, inside several
Schwarzschild radii, since the outflow is suppressed by the photon trapping
effects. To understand the conflict between the photon trapping and outflow in
a simpler way, we model the radial distribution of the accretion rate from the
simulation data and build up a new (radially) one-dimensional model, which is
similar to the slim-disk model but incorporates the mass loss effects due to
the outflow. We find that the surface density (and, hence, the optical depth)
is much reduced even inside the trapping radius, compared with the case without
outflow, whereas the effective temperature distribution hardly changes. That
is, the emergent spectra do not sensitively depend on the amount of mass
outflow. We conclude that the slim-disk approach is valid for interpreting
observations, even if the outflow is taken into account.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in PAS
Radiation-pressure Waves and Multiphase Quasar Outflows
We report on quasar outflow properties revealed by analyzing more than 60
composite outflow spectra built from CIV absorption troughs in
the SDSS-III/BOSS DR12QBAL catalog. We assess the dependences of the equivalent
widths of many outflow metal absorption features on outflow velocity, trough
width and position, and quasar magnitude and redshift. The evolution of the
equivalent widths of the OVI and NV lines with outflow velocity correlates with
that of the mean absorption-line width, the outflow electron density, and the
strength of lines arising from collisionally-excited meta-stable states. None
of these correlations is found for the other high- or low-ionization species,
and different behaviors with trough width are also suggested. We find no
dependence on quasar magnitude or redshift in any case. All the observed trends
can be reconciled by considering a multiphase stratified outflow structure,
where inner regions are colder, denser and host lower-ionization species. Given
the prevalence of radiative acceleration in quasar outflows found by Mas-Ribas
& Mauland (2019), we suggest that radiation pressure sweeps up and compresses
the outflowing gas outwards, creating waves or filaments where the multiphase
stratified structure could take form. This scenario is supported by the
suggested correlation between electron density and outflow velocity, and the
similar behavior observed for the line and line-locking components of the
absorption features. We show that this outflow structure is also consistent
with other X-ray, radiative transfer, and polarization results, and discuss the
implications of our findings for future observational and numerical quasar
outflow studies.Comment: Main results Figs. 3 and 7. ApJ accepte
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