Behavior Modification

Excerpt: Behavior modification is learning with a particular intent, namely clinical treatment and change (Ullmann & Krasner, 1965, p. 1). Initially behavior modification referred largely to operant techniques and behavior therapy to respondent techniques. As early as 1965 the terms behavior modification and behavior therapy were used interchangeably (O\u27Donohue & Krasner, 1995). With publication of the journal Behavior Research and Therapy in 1963 and the founding of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, behavior therapy became a general term for all of these techniques. Thus behavior therapy will be used in this discussion

THE ANALYSIS OF MODIFICATION POSITION IN NOUN PHRASE IN THE TRANSLATION OF MASTER OF THE GAME

This research is entitiled The Analysis of Modification Position in Noun Phrase in the Translation of Master of the Game. The material discussed in this research is the modification position of the noun phrase in English into Indonesian. The modification position of the noun phrase in English into Indonesian is a unique case. The uniqueness of the position in the two languages lies in the sequence of words in the noun phrase. There is a rule in forming a noun phrase. The noun phrase is formed by a head and one or some modifications. In English the modification is divided into two groups, determiners and modifiers. The determiner consists of articles, demonstratives, possessives, and indefinite adjectives. The modifier consists of numeratives, descriptive adjectives and other nouns. The modification may lie either at the beginning of the head, which is called pre-head modification,or at the end of the head, which is called post-head modification. The modification can also be formed by phrase such as a prepositional phrase or a participle phrase. The sequence of the modification is disccussed in detail. In Indonesian, the modification is always put at the end of the head except the numeratives lie before the head. The other modification have a function to modify the head. So, most noun phrase in Indonesian refer to the modified-modifiying rule. A change of the modification position would change the meaning of the noun phrase. The translation of a noun phrase may involve the change of the modification position. The pre-head modification of the source language would be the post-modification of the target language, or it would remain the prehead modification. It would happen because of the different grammar of the two languages. Since the grammatical rule of the modification position in English and Indonesian is different, a further and more comprehensive study of the modification should be conducted in the future

Beverage sensory modification

EditorialThe Special Issue on “Beverage Sensory Modification” gathers a series of articles that feature the broad sense of sensory modification, either by improving flavor, taste, and mouthfeel properties or by preventing their spoilage. The scope goes further than the usual technological measures that modulate sensory properties and includes the psychological and cross-modal influences, where the sensory modification is on the subject’s brain and not on the object’s physical-chemical propertiesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Modification, Test and Evaluation of Manually Operated Drum Type Seeder for Lowland Paddy

An experiment was conducted to improve the performance of the drum type seeder developed by the International Rice Research Institute for low land paddy. The machine was evaluated and compared with the conventional hand seeding method. A seed collector assembly was designed and incorporated to the existing prototype in order to overcome the unwanted seed dropping at the headlands during turning which saved 5-7 kg of seed per hectare. Owing to the incorporation of seed collector assembly, the weight of the seeder increased by 20 percent compared to the previous prototype, but still within the capability of an average size labour.The effective field capacity of machine seeding ranged between 0.12 to 0.15 ha/hr and that of hand broadcasting was 0.22 ha/hr. The partial budget analysis revealed that by using drum type seeder and a rotary type seeder and a rotary type weeder, a farmer could earn a net benefit of US$55.06 per hectare compared to hand seedling followed by hand weeding. The break-even analysis indicated that a farmer having only 0.3 hectare of land could economically afford a drum type seeder and a rotary type weeder

Ethics of modifying the mitochondrial genome

Recent preclinical studies have shown the feasibility of specific variants of nuclear transfer to prevent mitochondrial DNA disorders. Nuclear transfer could be a valuable reproductive option for carriers of mitochondrial mutations. A clinical application of nuclear transfer, however, would entail germ-line modification, more specifically a germ-line modification of the mitochondrial genome. One of the most prominent objections against germ-line modification is the fear that it would become possible to alter 'essential characteristics' of a future person, thereby possibly violating the child's right to an open future. As only the nuclear DNA would contain the ingredients for individual characteristics, modification of the mtDNA is often considered less controversial than modification of the nuclear DNA. This paper discusses the tenability of this dichotomy. After having clarified the concept of germ-line modification, it argues that modification of the mtDNA is not substantively different from modification of the nuclear DNA in terms of its effects on the identity of the future person. Subsequently the paper assesses how this conclusion affects the moral evaluation of nuclear transfer to prevent mtDNA disorders. It concludes that the moral acceptability of germ-line modification does not depend on whether it alters the identity of the future child-all germ-line modifications do-but on whether it safeguards the child's right to an open future. If nuclear transfer to prevent mtDNA disorders becomes safe and effective, then dismissing it because it involves germ-line modification is unjustified

Probing medium-induced jet splitting and energy loss in heavy-ion collisions

The nuclear modification of jet splitting in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and the LHC energies is studied based on the higher twist formalism. Assuming coherent energy loss for the two splitted subjets, a non-monotonic jet energy dependence is found for the nuclear modification of jet splitting function: strongest modification at intermediate jet energies whereas weaker modification for larger or smaller jet energies. Combined with the smaller size and lower density of the QGP medium at RHIC than at the LHC, this explains the CMS-STAR groomed jet puzzle -- strong nuclear modification of the momentum sharing $z_g$ distribution at the LHC whereas no obvious modification of the $z_g$ distribution at RHIC. In contrast, the observed nuclear modification pattern of the groomed jet $z_g$ distribution cannot be explained solely by independent energy loss of the two subjets. Our result may be tested in future measurements of groomed jets with lower jet energies at the LHC and larger jet energies at RHIC, for different angular separations between the two subjets.Comment: 10 pages, 12 figure