Manumycin from a new Streptomyces strain shows antagonistic effect against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)/vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) strains from Korean Hospitals

An antimicrobial compound, highly effective against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, purified from a Streptomyces strain was identified as manumycin. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of manumycin against 8 different strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were ranged 2 to 32 μg/ml. Similarly, MICs of manumycin against 4 vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) strains were ranged 8 to 32 μg/ml while it remained ineffective against 4 other VRE strains. Compared to vancomycin, manumycin provided slightly weaker activity against MRSA strains but stronger activity against 4 VRE strains. This is the first report of antagonistic effect of manumycin against MDR pathogens.Keywords: Manumycin, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(17), pp. 2249-225

An evaluation of the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospital food

Los artículos que componen este libro ilustran desde múltiples puntos de vista el concepto de patrimonio biocultural. El contenido de la publicación se estructura en tres espacios sintetizados en las problemáticas asociadas al patrimonio biológico y cultural, el territorio y las disputas territoriales, la construcción identitaria y los problema de carácter socio-históricos de las comunidades afro indoamericanas. Ello permite, por un lado, obtener una aproximación contrastante, holística y compleja de la realidad latinoamericana y por otra lado sumar aportes a un concepto en construcción que no esconde su intencionalidad emancipadora.Agradecimientos; Introducción; PATRIMONIO BIOCULTURAL: Juan Pohlenz Córdova / La disputa por el patrimonio biocultural. Un acercamiento desde Mesoamérica; León Enrique Ávila Romero / La disputa por el patrimonio biocultural, la economía verde y sus impactos en los pueblos indígenas; Bernardo Javier Tobar / Lugares de vida y registros de la memoria biocultural en el Pacífico sur-colombiano; Iskra García Vázquez, Rocío Becerra Montané y Gimena Pérez Ortega / Uso, aprovechamiento social y conservación de las plantas medicinales en México; Kelly Giovanna Muñoz Balcázar / Transformaciones del territorio y el patrimonio biocultural a partir del proceso de industrialización. Recuperación de la finca tradicional en el municipio de Corinto, vereda La Paila; TERRITORIO: Johnny L. Ledezma Rivera / Reflexiones sobre las concepciones y visiones de lo que se entiende por territorio; Sindy Hernández Bonilla / ¿Justicia o legalidad para los q’eqchi’es? Agustín Ávila Romero / Turismo y pueblos indígenas de México: despojo y veredas de apropiación comunitaria; SOCIEDADES AFROINDOAMERICANAS EN MOVIMIENTO Johnny L. Ledezma Rivera / Construcción e implementación de las autonomías indígenas en Bolivia: avances y retrocesos; Stefano Claudio Sartorello / Educar para el arraigo sociocultural. El perfil de egreso de alumn@s indígenas en una propuesta educativa intercultural y bilingüe en Chiapas; Elena Pareja y Virginia Cornalino / La cultura afrodescendiente en la constitución del Estado-nación (1870-1900). La reconstrucción de los mapas de identidad en la frontera uruguayo-brasileña; Karla Chagas y Natalia Stalla / Mano de obra negra en el Estado Oriental: una mirada del trabajo esclavo y libre a través del análisis de casos; Diego E. Piñeiro y Joaquín Cardeillac / Los afro-descendientes en el campo uruguayo; Soledad Figueredo y Matías Carámbula Pareja / Puntos en el mapa: ensayo sobre identidad, inmovilidad y cultura de la población afrodescendiente en el medio rural uruguayo

Reference Group Choice and Antibiotic Resistance Outcomes

Two types of cohort studies examining patients infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were contrasted, using different reference groups. Cases were compared to uninfected patients and patients infected with the corresponding, susceptible organism. VRE and MRSA were associated with adverse outcomes. The effect was greater when uninfected control patients were used

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wastewater and potential human exposure through wastewater reuse

As community-acquired antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections occur with increasing frequency, it is important to identify possible environmental reservoirs for these organisms. My dissertation evaluated the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in U.S. wastewater intended for reuse and the related public health implications. My objectives were to: 1) Evaluate wastewater from four U.S. wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); 2) Evaluate the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) at four U.S. WWTPs from which treated wastewater is reused; and 3) Determine and compare MRSA, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), VRE, and vancomcyin-susceptible enterococci (VSE) colonization among American reclaimed water spray irrigators and controls. Between 2009 and 2010, 44 wastewater samples were collected from four WWTPs, two in the Mid-Atlantic and two in the Midwest regions of the U.S. I analyzed samples for MRSA and VRE using standard membrane filtration. For the third objective, I collected 94 nasal and dermal swabs from 19 spray irrigators and 24 controls and analyzed them for MRSA, MSSA, VRE, and VSE. I confirmed all isolates and performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing by microbroth dilution. Statistical analyses included two-sample proportion tests and logistic regression. MRSA and VRE were detected at all WWTPs. The percentage of MRSA-positive samples and concentration of VRE decreased as treatment progressed. Neither MRSA nor VRE were identified in tertiary-treated samples, but I identified both in an un-chlorinated effluent sample. No MRSA or VRE were detected in nasal or dermal samples from spray irrigators or controls. MSSA and VSE were detected in 26% and 11% of spray irrigators and 29% and 0% of controls, respectively. The odds of MSSA, MDR MSSA, and either MSSA or VSE colonization were not significantly different between the spray irrigators and controls. My dissertation includes the first reports of MRSA at U.S. WWTPs and VRE at WWTPs whose effluent is intended for reuse. This is also the first U.S. evaluation of occupational exposure to antibiotic-resistant bacteria in reclaimed water. My findings provide additional scientific evidence that antibiotic-resistant bacteria can survive secondary-treated wastewater and may cause increased risks for infection among individuals exposed to reclaimed water

A consensus statement on empiric therapy for suspected gram-positive infections in surgical patients

15Background: Multidrug resistance among gram-positive pathogens in tertiary and other care centers is common. A systematic decision pathway to help select empiric antibiotic therapy for suspected gram-positive postsurgical infections is presented. Data sources: A Medline search with regard to empiric antibiotic therapy was performed and assessed by the 15-member expert panel. Two separate panel meetings were convened and followed by a writing, editorial, and review process. Conclusions: The main goal of empiric treatment in postsurgical patients with suspected gram-positive infections is to improve clinical status. Empiric therapy should be initiated at the earliest sign of infection in all critically ill patients. The choice of therapy should flow from beta-lactams to vancomycin to parenteral linezolid or quinupristin-dalfopristin. In patients likely to be discharged, oral linezolid is an option. Antibiotic resistance is an important issue, and in developing treatment algorithms for reduction of resistance, the utility of these new antibiotics may be extended and reduce morbidity and mortality. (C) 2004 Excerpta Medica, Inc. All rights reserved.openSOLOMKIN JS; BJORNSON HS; CAINZOS M; DELLINGER EP; DOMINIONI L.; EIDUS R; FAIST E; LEAPER D; LEE JT; LIPSETT PA; NAPOLITANO L; NELSON CL; SAWYER RG; WEIGELT J; WILSON SESolomkin, Js; Bjornson, Hs; Cainzos, M; Dellinger, Ep; Dominioni, Lorenzo; Eidus, R; Faist, E; Leaper, D; Lee, Jt; Lipsett, Pa; Napolitano, L; Nelson, Cl; Sawyer, Rg; Weigelt, J; Wilson, S

Monitoring Antimicrobial Use and Resistance: Comparison with a National Benchmark on Reducing Vancomycin Use and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci

To determine if local monitoring data on vancomycin use directed quality improvement and decreased vancomycin use or vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), we analyzed data from 50 intensive-care units (ICUs) at 20 U.S. hospitals reporting data on antimicrobial-resistant organisms and antimicrobial agent use. We compared local data with national benchmark data (aggregated from all study hospitals). After data were adjusted for changes in prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, changes in specific prescriber practice at ICUs were associated with significant decreases in vancomycin use (mean decrease -48 defined daily doses per 1,000 patient days, p<0.001). These ICUs also reported significant decreases in VRE prevalence compared with those not using unit-specific changes in practice (mean decrease of 7.5% compared with mean increase of 5.7%, p<0.001). In this study, practice changes focused towards specific ICUs were associated with decreases in ICU vancomycin use and VRE prevalence

Colonization with antibiotic-susceptible strains protects against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus but not vancomycin-resistant enterococci acquisition: a nested case-control study

Introduction: Harboring sensitive strains may prevent acquisition of resistant pathogens by competing for colonization of ecological niches. Competition may be relevant to decolonization strategies that eliminate sensitive strains and may predispose to acquiring resistant strains in high-endemic settings. We evaluated the impact of colonization with methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus(MSSA) and vancomycin-sensitive enterococci (VSE) on acquisition of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), respectively, when controlling for other risk factors. Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study of patients admitted to eight ICUs performing admission and weekly bilateral nares and rectal screening for MRSA and VRE, respectively. Analyses were identical for both pathogens. For MRSA, patients were identified who had a negative nares screen and no prior history of MRSA. We evaluated predictors of MRSA acquisition, defined as a subsequent MRSA-positive clinical or screening culture, compared to those with a subsequent MRSA-negative nares screen within the same hospitalization. Medical records were reviewed for the presence of MSSA on the initial MRSA-negative nares screen, demographic and comorbidity information, medical devices, procedures, antibiotic utilization, and daily exposure to MRSA-positive patients in the same ward. Generalized linear mixed models were used to assess predictors of acquisition. Results: In multivariate models, MSSA carriage protected against subsequent MRSA acquisition (OR = 0.52, CI: 0.29, 0.95), even when controlling for other risk factors. MRSA predictors included intubation (OR = 4.65, CI: 1.77, 12.26), fluoroquinolone exposure (OR = 1.91, CI: 1.20, 3.04), and increased time from ICU admission to initial negative swab (OR = 15.59, CI: 8.40, 28.94). In contrast, VSE carriage did not protect against VRE acquisition (OR = 1.37, CI: 0.54, 3.48), whereas hemodialysis (OR = 2.60, CI: 1.19, 5.70), low albumin (OR = 2.07, CI: 1.12, 3.83), fluoroquinolones (OR = 1.90, CI: 1.14, 3.17), third-generation cephalosporins (OR = 1.89, CI: 1.15, 3.10), and increased time from ICU admission to initial negative swab (OR = 15.13, CI: 7.86, 29.14) were predictive. Conclusions: MSSA carriage reduced the odds of MRSA acquisition by 50% in ICUs. In contrast, VSE colonization was not protective against VRE acquisition. Studies are needed to evaluate whether decolonization of MSSA ICU carriers increases the risk of acquiring MRSA when discharging patients to high-endemic MRSA healthcare settings. This may be particularly important for populations in whom MRSA infection may be more frequent and severe than MSSA infections, such as ICU patients