Allocation of distributed generation and battery switching stations for electric vehicle using whale optimiser algorithm

With the increasing demand for electrical vehicles (EVs) in the existing distribution system due to road traffic sustainability, fuel costs reduction, and environmental improvement by the promotion of low carbons in transportation, system planners need to minimise energy losses and improve voltage profile of the grid. Few studies resolved these issues via optimum placement of distributed generation (DG) and battery switching station (BSS) units in distribution system; however, these techniques considered only active power loss minimisation with various methodological limitations. Therefore, a new application of whale optimiser algorithm (WOA) is proposed to solve these limitations. The simultaneous placement based approach of the units has been adopted to minimise active and reactive energy losses of 33- and 69-bus distribution systems. System performance has been analyzed based on multiple technical criteria, such as system loading factor, voltage profile improvement, and active and reactive power loss reduction indices. The results of WOA have been proven to be superior to those of artificial bee colony and gravitational search algorithms. Therefore, the proposed methodology can guide energy planners in determining optimal allocation of multiple DG and BSS units in their systems,; in addition to the expected energy loss reduction within the system, BSS, and DG planning and operational constraints

Characterisation and modelling of the plastic material behaviour and its application in sheet metal forming simulation

The application of simulation models in sheet metal forming in automotive industry has proven to be beneficial to reduce tool costs in the designing stage and for optimising current processes. Moreover, it is a promising tool for a material supplier to optimise material choice and development for both its final application and its forming capacity. The present practice requires a high predictive value of these simulations. The material models in these simulation models need to be developed sufficiently to meet the requirement of the predictions. For the determination of parameters for the material models, mechanical tests at different strain paths are necessary 1. Usually, the material models implemented in the simulation models are not able to describe the plastic material behaviour during monotonic strain paths sufficiently accurate 2. This is true for the strain hardening model, the influence of strain rate and the description of the yield locus in these models. A first stage is to implement the improved material models which describe this single strain path behaviour in a better way. In this work, different yield criteria, a hardening model and their comparison to experiments are described extensively. The improved material model has been validated initially on forming limit curves which are determined experimentally with Nakazima strips. These results will be compared with predictions using Marciniak-Kuczinsky-analysis with both the new material model and the conventional material model. Finally, the validation on real pressed products will be shown by comparing simulation results using different material models with the experimental data. The next challenge is the description of the material after a change of strain path. Experimental evidence given here shows that this behaviour cannot be treated using the classical approach of an equivalent strain as the only history variable

Evolution of In-Cylinder Diesel Engine Soot and Emission Characteristics Investigated with Online Aerosol Mass Spectrometry

To design diesel engines with low environmental impact, it is important to link health and climate-relevant soot (black carbon) emission characteristics to specific combustion conditions. The in-cylinder evolution of soot properties over the combustion cycle and as a function of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was investigated in a modern heavy-duty diesel engine. A novel combination of a fast gas-sampling valve and a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) enabled online measurements of the in-cylinder soot chemistry. The results show that EGR reduced the soot formation rate. However, the late cycle soot oxidation rate (soot removal) was reduced even more, and the net effect was increased soot emissions. EGR resulted in an accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during combustion, and led to increased PAH emissions. We show that mass spectral and optical signatures of the in-cylinder soot and associated low volatility organics change dramatically from the soot formation dominated phase to the soot oxidation dominated phase. These signatures include a class of fullerene carbon clusters that we hypothesize represent less graphitized, C5-containing fullerenic (high tortuosity or curved) soot nanostructures arising from decreased combustion temperatures and increased premixing of air and fuel with EGR. Altered soot properties are of key importance when designing emission control strategies such as diesel particulate filters and when introducing novel biofuels

New Design of Aluminum 6061 Welding Joining Using Friction Stir Welding Method

Parallel, lap, corner, and T joints are commonly used in fusion welding and solid welding. Other joints made are lap and butt joint. This study aims to evaluate a new design of fitting model single U and double U for friction stirr welding of Aluminum. Aluminum sheet 6061with a thickness of 10 mm, will be cut to a length of 150 mm and a width of 100 mm, then a locking groove will be made with an inner size of 5 mm and a length of 150 mm The flow is used to be paired in the FSW process. This experiment results show the high tensile strength that occurs in the double joint u, is 13.4 kN while the average is 12 kN. Single connection experiment u the highest tensile strength is 12.89 kN, while the average value is 10.37 kN. The hardness is higher in double u joints compared to single u joints

Laser-induced fluorescence of organic matter from a Brazilian oxisol under sewage sludge applications.

A aplicação do lodo de esgoto é utilizada como alternativa de conservação e manutenção da fertilidade dos solos sem prejudicar o ecossistema. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influência da aplicação de lodo de esgoto sobre a matéria orgânica (MO) de um Latossolo vermelho amarelo brasileiro, através da fluorescência induzida por laser (LIF). A LIF foi utilizada para analisar a fluorescência do solo intacto e suas frações químicas e físicas. Houve grande contribuição da fração humina à fluorescência do solo intacto, remarcando a importância de estudar a matéria orgânica (MO) associada à matriz mineral do solo. Para cada fração granulométrica foram obtidos espectros com diferentes perfis, indicando diferenças nos compostos orgânicos a elas ligados. A fração 2-20 ?m, que apresentou maior conteúdo de carbono (~5%), representa somente 10% do solo mas acumula 34-39 % do conteúdo total de carbono do mesmo e mostrou a maior intensidade de fluorescência. O espectro desta fração mostra sua heterogeneidade e alta concentração de compostos cuja fluorescência é centrada nos 510 nm, o que indica alta concentração de sistemas com ligações insaturadas, com alto grau de ressonância e maior conjugação do sistema de eletrons, indicando maior aromaticidade quando comparado as outras frações. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos de lodo de esgoto. A LIF é uma técnica promissora para caraterizar a MO de solos intactos, permitindo estudar sua distribuição na matriz mineral do solo, inclusive nos Latossolos

Fluorescência induzida por laser da matéria orgânica de um Latossolo brasileiro tratado com lodo de esgoto

A aplicação do lodo de esgoto é utilizada como alternativa de conservação e manutenção da fertilidade dos solos sem prejudicar o ecossistema. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influência da aplicação de lodo de esgoto sobre a matéria orgânica (MO) de um Latossolo vermelho amarelo brasileiro, através da fluorescência induzida por laser (LIF). A LIF foi utilizada para analisar a fluorescência do solo intacto e suas frações químicas e físicas. Houve grande contribuição da fração humina à fluorescência do solo intacto, remarcando a importância de estudar a matéria orgânica (MO) associada à matriz mineral do solo. Para cada fração granulométrica foram obtidos espectros com diferentes perfis, indicando diferenças nos compostos orgânicos a elas ligados. A fração 2-20 µm, que apresentou maior conteúdo de carbono (~5%), representa somente 10% do solo mas acumula 34-39 % do conteúdo total de carbono do mesmo e mostrou a maior intensidade de fluorescência. O espectro desta fração mostra sua heterogeneidade e alta concentração de compostos cuja fluorescência é centrada nos 510 nm, o que indica alta concentração de sistemas com ligações insaturadas, com alto grau de ressonância e maior conjugação do sistema de eletrons pi, indicando maior aromaticidade quando comparado as outras frações. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos de lodo de esgoto. A LIF é uma técnica promissora para caraterizar a MO de solos intatos, permitindo estudar sua distribuição na matriz mineral do solo, inclusive nos Latossolos.Sludge applications have been used to maintain fertility of agricultural soils without damaging the natural ecosystem. The aim of this study was evaluating the influence of sewage-sludge addition on the quality of organic matter (OM) of a Brazilian Oxisol by Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF). LIF was used to analyze OM of whole soil and different soil fractions separated by chemical and physical methods. The high fluorescence contribution of humin fraction to the fluorescence of whole soils was shown, stressing the importance of studying OM associated to mineral matrix of soil. Spectra with different shapes were obtained for every particle size fraction, indicating differences in organic compounds bounded to them. The fraction with the higher carbon content was the 2-20 µm, that contains ~5% C and represents only 10% in soil, but stores 34-39 % of total C and shows the highest fluorescence intensity. The spectrum of this fraction shows its heterogeneity and a higher concentration of compounds which fluorescence is centered at 510 nm. This indicates a higher concentration of unsaturated bond systems capable of high degree of resonance, increased conjugation of the electron pi system, and higher aromaticity comparing with other fractions. No differences were detected for treatments of sewage-sludge applications. LIF spectroscopy is a promising technique for OM studies in whole soils, allowing to study spatial distribution of OM within the soil's mineral matrix, including Oxisols

Carbon-oxygen equilibrium and homogeneous nucleation of carbon monoxide bubbles in levitated molten iron

Imperial Users onl

Trends and developments in green cement “A sustainable approach”

It is evident from the history of cement that it’s a vital construction material but its hazardous effects on environment cannot be ignored. Cement production causes serious environmental damages from its production to disposal which includes carbon dioxide emissions, noise/vibration pollution and damage to natural rocks (during extraction of raw materials from quarries). Cement is considered to be the third largest (man-made) source of greenhouse gas due to emission of carbon dioxide in atmosphere. The harmful effects of cement are encouraging the construction industry to use new cementitious materials without compromising cost and quality. Efforts are being made to develop supplementary cementitious materials using domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes and also recycled materials. This review study presents a concise review of current efforts for undermining production and use of cement. This paper will also highlight some important green alternatives for cement which include energy effective, low carbon production, no carbon cements and inorganic materials. Keywords:  Cement, Carbon, Hazardous Effects, Energy, Cementitious Material

The Influence of Lath, Block and Prior Austenite Grain (PAG) Size on the Tensile, Creep and Fatigue Properties of Novel Maraging Steel

The influence of martensitic microstructure and prior austenite grain (PAG) size on the mechanical properties of novel maraging steel was studied. This was achieved by looking at two different martensitic structures with PAG sizes of approximately 40 µm and 80 µm, produced by hot rolling to different reductions. Two ageing heat-treatments were considered: both heat-treatments consisted of austenisation at 960 °C, then aging at 560 °C for 5 h, but while one was rapidly cooled the other was slow cooled and then extended aged at 480 °C for 64 h. It is shown that for the shorter ageing treatment the smaller PAG size resulted in significant improvements in strength (increase of more than 150 MPa), ductility (four times increase), creep life (almost four times increase in creep life) and fatigue life (almost doubled). Whereas, the extended aged sample showed similar changes in the fatigue life, elongation and hardness it displayed yet showed no difference in tensile strength and creep. These results display the complexity of microstructural contributions to mechanical properties in maraging steels