13,244 research outputs found
Microencapsulation technology by nature: Cell derived extracellular vesicles with therapeutic potential
Cell derived extracellular vesicles are submicron structures surrounded by phospholipid bilayer and released by both prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells. The sizes of these vesicles roughly fall into the size ranges of microbes, and they represent efficient delivery
platforms targeting complex molecular information to professional antigen presenting cells. Critical roles of these naturally formulated
units of information have been described in many physiological and pathological processes. Extracellular vesicles are not only
potential biomarkers and possible pathogenic factors in numerous diseases, but they are also considered as emerging therapeutic
targets and therapeutic vehicles. Strikingly, current drug delivery systems, designed to convey therapeutic proteins and peptides
(such as liposomes), show many similarities to extracellular vesicles. Here we review some aspects of therapeutic implementation
of natural, cell-derived extracellular vesicles in human diseases. Exploration of molecular and functional details of extracellular
vesicle release and action may provide important lessons for the design of future drug delivery systems
A new landscape of hostâprotozoa interactions involving the extracellular vesicles world
This version is free to view and download for private research and study only. Not for re-distribution, re-sale or use in derivative works. © Cambridge University Press 2018Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by a wide number of cells including blood cells, immune system cells, tumour cells, adult and embryonic stem cells. EVs are a heterogeneous group of vesicles (~30â1000 nm) including microvesicles and exosomes. The physiological release of EVs represents a normal state of the cell, raising a metabolic equilibrium between catabolic and anabolic processes. Moreover, when the cells are submitted to stress with different inducers or in pathological situations (malignancies, chronic diseases, infectious diseases.), they respond with an intense and dynamic release of EVs. The EVs released from stimulated cells vs those that are released constitutively may themselves differ, both physically and in their cargo. EVs contain protein, lipids, nucleic acids and biomolecules that can alter cell phenotypes or modulate neighbouring cells. In this review, we have summarized findings involving EVs in certain protozoan diseases. We have commented on strategies to study the communicative roles of EVs during hostâpathogen interaction and hypothesized on the use of EVs for diagnostic, preventative and therapeutic purposes in infectious diseases. This kind of communication could modulate the innate immune system and reformulate concepts in parasitism. Moreover, the information provided within EVs could produce alternatives in translational medicine.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio
MiR-219a-5p Enriched Extracellular Vesicles Induce OPC Differentiation and EAE Improvement More Efficiently Than Liposomes and Polymeric Nanoparticles
Remyelination is a key aspect in multiple sclerosis pathology and a special effort is being made to promote it. However, there is still no available treatment to regenerate myelin and several strategies are being scrutinized. Myelination is naturally performed by oligodendrocytes and microRNAs have been postulated as a promising tool to induce oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and therefore remyelination. Herein, DSPC liposomes and PLGA nanoparticles were studied for miR-219a-5p encapsulation, release and remyelination promotion. In parallel, they were compared with biologically engineered extracellular vesicles overexpressing miR-219a-5p. Interestingly, extracellular vesicles showed the highest oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation levels and were more effective than liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles crossing the bloodâbrain barrier. Finally, extracellular vesicles were able to improve EAE animal model clinical evolution. Our results indicate that the use of extracellular vesicles as miR-219a-5p delivery system can be a feasible and promising strategy to induce remyelination in multiple sclerosis patients.This work was supported by Carlos III Institute, (PI17/00189 and DTS15/00069), by Fondo Europeo
de Desarrollo RegionalâFEDER, by the Gipuzkoa Regional Council (DFG 15/006), by grant from the Basque
Government (RIS3/DTS/2018222025), by the Department of Industry of the Basque Country (ELKARTEK 16/014),
and the Spanish State Research Agency (SAF2017-87670-R) and Maria de Maeztu Units of Excellence Program
Grant MDM-2017-0720). I.O.-Q., A.A. and L.I. were supported by the Department of Education of the Basque
Government. IOQ and LAN were supported by EMBO short Term Fellowship Programme. LAN was supported
by a Canadian graduate scholarship from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CGS-D CIHR).PRC was
supported by Ikerbasque, the Basque Foundation for Science
Cell-to-Cell Communication in Learning and Memory: From Neuro- and Glio-Transmission to Information Exchange Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles
Most aspects of nervous system development and function rely on the continuous crosstalk between neurons and the variegated universe of non-neuronal cells surrounding them. The most extraordinary property of this cellular community is its ability to undergo adaptive modifications in response to environmental cues originating from inside or outside the body. Such ability, known as neuronal plasticity, allows long-lasting modifications of the strength, composition and efficacy of the connections between neurons, which constitutes the biochemical base for learning and memory. Nerve cells communicate with each other through both wiring (synaptic) and volume transmission of signals. It is by now clear that glial cells, and in particular astrocytes, also play critical roles in both modes by releasing different kinds of molecules (e.g., D-serine secreted by astrocytes). On the other hand, neurons produce factors that can regulate the activity of glial cells, including their ability to release regulatory molecules. In the last fifteen years it has been demonstrated that both neurons and glial cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) of different kinds, both in physiologic and pathological conditions. Here we discuss the possible involvement of EVs in the events underlying learning and memory, in both physiologic and pathological condition
Extracellular Vesicles as Natural, Safe and Efficient Drug Delivery Systems
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles naturally released from cells, delimited by a lipid
bilayer, carrying functionally active biological molecules. In addition to their physiological role in
cellular communication, the interest of the scientific community has recently turned to the use of
EVs as vehicles for delivering therapeutic molecules. Several attempts are being made to ameliorate
drug encapsulation and targeting, but these efforts are thwarted if the starting material does not
meet stringent quality criteria. Here, we take a step back to the sources and isolation procedures
that could guarantee significant improvements in the purification of EVs to be used as drug carriers,
highlighting the advantages and shortcomings of each approac
Milk exosomes: Nature\u27s abundant nanoplatform for theranostic applications
Exosomes are a unique subpopulation of naturally occurring extracellular vesicles which are smaller intracellular membrane nanoparticle vesicles. Exosomes have proven to be excellent nanocarriers for carrying lipids, proteins, mRNAs, non-coding RNAs, and DNAs, and disseminating long-distance intercellular communications in various biological processes. Among various cell-line or biological fluid derived exosomes, milk exosomes are abundant in nature and exhibit many nanocarrier characteristics favorable for theranostic applications. To be an effective delivery carrier for their clinical translation, exosomes must inbuilt loading, release, targeting, and imaging/tracking characteristics. Considering the unmet gaps of milk exosomes in theranostic technology it is essential to focus the current review on drug delivery and imaging applications. This review delineates the efficiency of exosomes to load therapeutic or imaging agents and their successful delivery approaches. It is emphasized on possible modifications of exosomes towards increasing the stability and delivery of agents. This article also summarizes the specific applications and the process of developing milk exosomes as a future pharmaceutical drug delivery vehicle
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NeuroEVs: Characterizing Extracellular Vesicles Generated in the Neural Domain.
Intercellular communication has recently been shown to occur via transfer of cargo loaded within extracellular vesicles (EVs). Present within all biofluids of the body, EVs can contain various signaling factors, including coding and noncoding RNAs (e.g., mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, snRNA, tRNA, yRNA), DNA, proteins, and enzymes. Multiple types of cells appear to be capable of releasing EVs, including cancer, stem, epithelial, immune, glial, and neuronal cells. However, the functional impact of these circulating signals among neural networks within the brain has been difficult to establish given the complexity of cellular populations involved in release and uptake, as well as inherent limitations of examining a biofluid. In this brief commentary, we provide an analysis of the conceptual and technical considerations that limit our current understanding of signaling mediated by circulating EVs relative to their impact on neural function
EXOSOME NANOCARRIERS: BASIC BIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, NOVEL AND PERSPECTIVE APPROACH IN DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: A REVIEW
Exosomes are the extracellular vesicles surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer shed from all cell varieties and plays a significant role in the communication and Transportation of materials between the cells due to their ability to transfer the proteins and nucleic acids from One cell to the another cell. Analogous in size and performance to synthetic nanoparticles, exosomes provide several Advantages, rendering them the foremost promising candidates for targeted drug or gene delivery vehicles. This review highlights the isolation techniques and delivery potential of exosomes, and equally presents research or analysis gaps for enhancing the use of natural vesicles for delivery functions. Exosome-based drug formulations can be applied to an extensive variety of diseases such as various infectious, cardiovascular, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Mostly, exosomes combine the benefits of both synthetic nanocarriers and cell-mediated drug delivery systems however avoiding their limitations
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