Redundancy of the genetic code enables translational pausing

Abstract The codon redundancy (degeneracy) found in protein-coding regions of mRNA also prescribes Translational Pausing (TP). When coupled with the appropriate interpreters, multiple meanings and functions are programmed into the same sequence of configurable switch-settings. This additional layer of Ontological Prescriptive Information (PIo) purposely slows or speeds up the translation-decoding process within the ribosome. Variable translation rates help prescribe functional folding of the nascent protein. Redundancy of the codon to amino acid mapping, therefore, is anything but superfluous or degenerate. Redundancy programming allows for simultaneous dual prescriptions of TP and amino acid assignments without cross-talk. This allows both functions to be coincident and realizable. We will demonstrate that the TP schema is a bona fide rule-based code, conforming to logical code-like properties. Second, we will demonstrate that this TP code is programmed into the supposedly degenerate redundancy of the codon table. We will show that algorithmic processes play a dominant role in the realization of this multi-dimensional code. <br/

Duality and o-O structure in non reflexive banach spaces

Let E be a Banach space with a supremum type norm induced by a collection of functionals L ⊂ X∗where X is a reflexive Banach space. Familiar spaces of this type are BMO, BV, C0,α(0 &lt; α &lt; 1), Lq,∞, for q &gt; 1. For most of these spaces E, the predual E∗ exists and can be defined by atomic decomposition of its elements. Another typical result, when it is possible to define a rich vanishing subspace E0⊂ E is the "two star theorem ", namely (E0)∗ = E∗. This fails for E = BV and E =C0,1= Lip

Bimodality in low-luminosity E and S0 galaxies

Stellar population characteristics are presented for a sample of low-luminosity early-type galaxies (LLEs) in order to compare them with their more luminous counterparts. Long-slit spectra of a sample of 10 LLEs were taken with the ESO New Technology Telescope, selected for their low luminosities. Line strengths were measured on the Lick standard system. Lick indices for these LLEs were correlated with velocity dispersion (σ), alongside published data for a variety of Hubble types. The LLEs were found to fall below an extrapolation of the correlation for luminous ellipticals and were consistent with the locations of spiral bulges in plots of line strengths versus σ. Luminosity weighted average ages, metallicities and abundance ratios were estimated from χ2 fitting of 19 Lick indices to predictions from simple stellar population models. The LLEs appear younger than luminous ellipticals and of comparable ages to spiral bulges. These LLEs show a bimodal metallicity distribution, consisting of a low-metallicity group (possibly misclassified dwarf spheroidal galaxies) and a high-metallicity group (similar to spiral bulges). Finally, they have low α-element to iron peak abundance ratios indicative of slow, extended star formation

1D Seismic Response Analysis of Soil-building Systems Including Failure Shear Mechanisms

Modelling of soil shear rupture due to an earthquake is not generally implemented in the common codes for 1D seismic response analysis. It requires the use of advanced plasticity-based constitutive models of soil, that are often neglected in practice. A good balance between simplicity and reliability can be achieved with methods based on simplified formulations of the mathematical equations and of the constitutive models. The paper presents a computer code based on this philosophy conceived, addressed and optimised to reliably model both the 'transient' seismic response ('stick' mode) and the permanent deformation mechanisms accounting for the coupled effects of deformability and strength ('slip' mode). The code can be adopted to evaluate the seismic performance of different geotechnical systems that can be reasonably approximated to a 1D problem. In the paper, the code is applied to model a soft-storey failure occurred in a framed structure heavily damaged during a strong-motion earthquake

Orlicz regularity of the gradient of solutions to quasilinear elliptic equations in the plane

Given a planar domain Omega, we study the Dirichlet problem {-divA(x, del v) = f in Omega, v = 0 on partial derivative Omega, where the higher-order term is a quasilinear elliptic operator, and f belongs to the Zygmund space L(log L)delta(log log log L)(beta/2) (Omega) with beta >= 0 and delta >= 1/2. We prove that the gradient of the variational solution v is an element of W-0(1,2) (Omega) belongs to the space L-2(log L)(2 delta-1)(log log log L)(beta)(Omega)

Calibration and prediction assessment of different ductile damage models on Ti6Al4V and 17-4PH additive manufactured alloys

Nowadays, metal additive manufacturing is becoming always more popular, being able to deliver complex shaped high quality products. Though many studies have been conducted on the high cycle fatigue behavior of these materials, yet ductile failure has still not been completely investigated, to identify the failure limits under static complex stress states. In the present study, the calibration of three ductile damage models on two popular additive manufactured alloys was carried out. The selected alloys were Ti6Al4V, processed via Electron Beam Melting, and 17-4PH fabricated with Selective Laser Melting technology; both broadly used in actual industrial applications. For each material a set of samples, was fabricated to perform a thorough static mechanical characterization, involving tensile tests on round smooth bars, notched bars, tests under plane strain conditions and torsion tests. The stress state in the critical points was retrieved relying on FEM simulations, and the data collected via the hybrid experimental-numerical procedure subsequently used to tune the damage models. Specifically, the selected models are the Rice and Tracey, the Modified Mohr-Coulomb by Wierzbicki and the one proposed by Coppola and Cortese. While the former does not take into account the effect of Lode parameter, the latter two consider its influence on fracture onset. A minimization algorithm was used for their calibration, and different optimization strategies were adopted to check the robustness of identified parameters. The resulting strains to fracture as a function of damage parameters were plotted for each formulation. The failure prediction accuracy of all models was assessed and compared to the others

Assessment of the radiological impact of a decommissioning nuclear power plant in Italy

The assessment of the radiological impact of a decommissioning Nuclear Power Plant is presented here through the results of an environmental monitoring survey carried out in the area surrounding the Garigliano Power Plant. The levels of radioactivity in soil, water, air and other environmental matrices are shown, in which {\alpha}, {\beta} and {\gamma} activity and {\gamma} equivalent dose rate are measured. Radioactivity levels of the samples from the Garigliano area are analyzed and then compared to those from a control zone situated more than 100 km away. Moreover, a comparison is made with a previous survey held in 2001. The analyses and comparisons show no significant alteration in the radiological characteristics of the area surroundings the plant, with an overall radioactivity depending mainly from the global fallout and natural sources

Assessment of the radiological impact of a decommissioning nuclear power plant in Italy

The assessment of the radiological impact of a decommissioning Nuclear Power Plant is presented here through the results of an environmental monitoring survey carried out in the area surrounding the Garigliano Power Plant. The levels of radioactivity in soil, water, air and other environmental matrices are shown, in which {\alpha}, {\beta} and {\gamma} activity and {\gamma} equivalent dose rate are measured. Radioactivity levels of the samples from the Garigliano area are analyzed and then compared to those from a control zone situated more than 100 km away. Moreover, a comparison is made with a previous survey held in 2001. The analyses and comparisons show no significant alteration in the radiological characteristics of the area surroundings the plant, with an overall radioactivity depending mainly from the global fallout and natural sources.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures, 2 table

Quasars: from the Physics of Line Formation to Cosmology

Quasars accreting matter at very high rates (known as extreme Population A [xA] or super-Eddington accreting massive black holes) provide a new class of distance indicators covering cosmic epochs from the present-day Universe up to less than 1 Gyr from the Big Bang. The very high accretion rate makes it possible that massive black holes hosted in xA quasars radiate at a stable, extreme luminosity-to-mass ratio. This in turns translates into stable physical and dynamical conditions of the mildly ionized gas in the quasar low-ionization line emitting region. In this contribution, we analyze the main optical and UV spectral properties of extreme Population A quasars that make them easily identifiable in large spectroscopic surveys at low-z (z < 1) and intermediate-z (2 < z < 2.6), and the physical conditions that are derived for the formation of their emission lines. Ultimately, the analysis supports the possibility of identifying a virial broadening estimator from low-ionization line widths, and the conceptual validity of the redshift-independent luminosity estimates based on virial broadening for a known luminosity-to-mass ratio.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures. Invited lecture at SPIG 2018, Belgrade. To appear in Ato