Two-step arithmetic word problems

This study uses the perspective of schemes to analyze characteristics of arithmetic word problems that can influence the process of translation from the verbal statement to an arithmetical representation. One characteristic that we have detected in the two-step word problems is the presence of one or two connections (nodes) in schemes that represent them, and this paper explores whether the number of nodes affects the activation of the associated schemas. With students from the 5th and 6th grades of elementary school (11 and 12 years of age), we analyze the written productions and would stress that the number of connections influences the activation of the right schema. Results show that the double connection implicate a greater difficulty for obtaining a correct arithmetical representation. Likewise, the presence of a simple or double connection between the two relationships means that the students commit specific errors that we associate with this characteristic

Relación entre la edad esquelética y la edad dental en radiografías de pacientes de 7 a 18 años de edad

El presente estudio tuvo como propósito determinar si existe relación entre la edad esquelética y la edad dental en radiografías de pacientes de 7 a 18 años de edad. El estudio se desarrolló en la Clínica Odontológica de la Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego de Trujillo. El estudio retrolectivo, transversal, descriptivo y observacional incluyó imágenes de radiografías panorámicas, cefalométricas y carpales de 140 pacientes de la base de datos del centro radiológico de la clínica. Para la evaluación de la edad esquelética se utilizaron los análisis de Fishman, Baccetti, y Rajagopal y Kansal, mientras que para edad dental se utilizó el de Demirjian. Para determinar la relación se usó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. Los resultados mostraron que la correlación más alta fue entre edad dental y esquelética según el método de Demirjian y Fishman (0.76 (p < 0.001)). Según el género la correlación más alta fue en el género masculino (0.844 (p < 0.001)). El valor más alto de correlación según la pieza dentaria, en el grupo de mujeres fue en la segunda premolar derecha (0.78 (p < 0.001)). Mientras que en hombres fue en la primera premolar derecha (0.83 (p < 0.001)). Por último, el valor más alto de correlación en los grupos de hemiarcada fue en la hemiarcada derecha (0.76 (p < 0.001)). En conclusión, sí existe relación entre la edad esquelética y la edad dental en radiografías de pacientes de 7 a 18 años de edad.The present study was aimed to determine the relationship between skeletal age and dental age in radiographs of patients from 7 to 18 years old. The study was carried out at the Odontological Clinic of the Antenor Orrego Private University of Trujillo. The retrolective, cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study included panoramic, cephalometric and carpal radiographs images of 140 patients (UPAO) from the database of the clinic. The analysis of Fishman, Baccetti, and Rajagopal and Kansal were used for the evaluation of skeletal age, while Demirjian was used for dental age. To determine the relationship, the Spearman correlation coefficient was used. The results showed that the highest correlation was between dental and skeletal age according to the Demirjian and Fishman method (0.76 (p <0.001)). According to gender, the highest correlation was in the male gender between Demirjian (0.844 (p <0.001)). The highest correlation value according to the dental piece, in the group of women was in the second right premolar (0.78 (p <0.001)). While in men it was in the first right premolar (0.83 (p <0.001)). Finally, the highest correlation value in the hemiarcade groups was in the right hemiarcade (0.76 (p <0.001)). In conclusion, there is a relationship between skeletal age and dental age in radiographs of patients from 7 to 18 years of age.Tesi

Harpócrates y la iconografía del poder imperial en las acuñaciones nomaicas de Trajano y Antonino Pío

Egipto presenta en época de los emperadores Antoninos unas series monetales excepcionales de tipo provincial, o mejor «subprovincial», pues están batidas en los nomos o distritos egipcios, apareciendo sus nombres geográficos escritos en los reversos; y junto a las leyendas se muestran las imágenes de las divinidades tutelares, Isis, Horus-Harpócrates, etc. Así pues, anversos y reversos se complementan en las monedas ofreciendo una iconografía religiosa local egipcia en apoyo de la ideología imperial romana, a la que se adapta, y a la que se integra en las acuñaciones de la primera mitad del siglo II d.C. El presente trabajo estudia y comenta a modo de ejemplo la iconografía de algunas de estas emisiones, concretamente las que se centran en la figura de Harpócrates, y como se complementan con el ejercicio propagandístico llevado a cabo en Egipto por los principales emperadores del siglo II d.C.In the Antonine Period Egypt presents an exceptional provincial or rather subprovincial coinage, as they were made in the so called nomes or Egyptian districts. On their reverses we find the geographical names and, together with the legends, images from the provincial gods such as Isis, Horus-Harpokrates, etc. Hence, obverses and reverses complement each other offering an Egyptian, local and religious iconography supporting imperial Roman ideology, to which it adapts and integrates on the coins minted in the first half of the second century AD. Here we study and comment as an example the iconography on some of these coins, especially those focused on the figure of Harpokrates, and how they served as a complement to the propaganda exercise carried out by the main emperors in the second century AD in Egypt

Optimal design of drip irrigation submains: presure-compensating emitters

For a drip irrigation system to be successful, it must he well designed, properly installed, managed and maintained. In plots with steep slopes and irregular topography that have little land leveling capacity and/or that require very efficient agricultural machinery, drip irrigation designs generally use pressure-compensating emitters. This work develops a methodology and implements it in a computer tool that makes it possible to optimally determine in drip-irrigated plots with pressure-compensating emitters: a) telescopic sizing of the submain manifold pipe, b) supply valve pressure and c) subunit''s intake valve location, when considering all hydraulic-economic aspects in the design phase. Techniques of optimal sizing of pipe networks and simulation of hydraulic networks under pressure are linked to economic analyzes of total annualized costs. Finally, the practical usefulness of the proposed methodology is shown with three examples of complex real cases where pipe design costs are reduced by 16-34% and energy costs by 37-51%

Variáveis de decisão de compra de produtos industriais em Cali e Yumbo

This paper is the result of a research project for which purchasing managers at small, medium, and large-size manufacturing companies in Cali and Yumbo were surveyed and interviewed to identify variables that have an impact on the decision to purchase industrial goods and services such as raw materials, hardware, and spare parts, as well as machinery maintenance and repair services. This information was used to identify the level of significance given by purchasers to the following factors when making a purchasing decision: proximity, supplier’s level of technological development, price, delivery terms, product quality, warranty, quality certification, performance and punctuality, credit, confidentiality, reliability, personalized service, technical support, service outside office hours, on weekends and holidays, after-sales service, supplier’s own fleet, degree of friendship with suppliers, training on the part of suppliers, product origin (whether local or imported), supplier’s ethical practices, supplier company’s size, sales representative’s training level, and frequency of sales calls.El artículo es resultado de una investigación para la cual se encuestaron y entrevistaron a los jefes de compras de las pequeñas, medianas y grandes empresas industriales de Cali y Yumbo con el objetivo de identificar las variables que inciden en la decisión de compra de productos industriales, como: materias primas, productos de ferretería, repuestos, el mantenimiento y la reparación de maquinaria. Se identificó el nivel de importancia que dá el comprador al momento de tomar su decisión de compra a la cercanía, el grado de desarrollo tecnológico del proveedor, el precio, tiempo de entrega, calidad del producto, garantía, certificación de calidad, cumplimiento y puntualidad, crédito, confidencialidad, confiabilidad, atención personalizada, asesoría técnica, atención por fuera de horarios de oficina y fines de semana-festivos, servicio postventa, transporte propio, grado de amistad con el vendedor, capacitación por parte del proveedor, origen del producto (nacional o importado), prácticas éticas por parte del proveedor, tamaño del proveedor, nivel de capacitación del asesor, visitas frecuentes.O artigo é o resultado de uma investigação para a qual foram pesquisados e entrevistados os chefes de compras das pequenas, médias e grandes empresas industriais de Cali e de Yumbo com o objetivo de identificar as variáveis que influenciam a decisão de compra de produtos industriais, tais como: matérias primas, produtos de ferragens, peças, manutenção e reparação de maquinaria. Identificamos o nível de importância que o comprador dá no momento de tomar sua decisão de compra à proximidade, ao nível de desenvolvimento tecnológico do fornecedor, ao preço, prazo de entrega, qualidade do produto, garantia, certificação de qualidade, cumprimento e pontualidade, crédito, confidencialidade, confiabilidade, atenção personalizada, assessoria técnica, atendimento fora do horário comercial e fins de semana ou feriados, serviço pós venda, transporte próprio, grau de amizade com o vendedor, formação por parte do fornecedor, origem do produto (nacional ou importado), práticas éticas por parte do fornecedor, dimensão do fornecedor, nível de formação do orientador, visitas freqüentes

Fatores de inovação que incidem na competitividade do subsetor de conserto de máquinas e reposição de peças nos municípios de Cali e Yumbo

The purpose of the study is to propose improvement for the metal-mechanical subsector of the industrial machinery repair and spare parts activity in the municipalities of Cali and Yumbo, identifying specific needs, thus providing an opportunity for developing new business units or companies which contribute added value. Based on the description of the factors of innovation that affect the regional competitiveness rate, the proposal was designed around development of regional competitiveness in the subsector and of innovation factors connected to productive linking (clustering) in the case of metal mechanics. The OECD [Organization for Economic Cooperation &amp; Development] (1992) indicated that innovation is a fundamental component for the development of competitiveness, and that it can also contribute to equity and growth of regions, thus facilitating the process of development. From the point of view of the enterprises, technological innovation is presented as continuous learning in order to improve processes, products, and management in such as way as to increase their productivity and competitiveness.El estudio pretende ser una propuesta de mejoramiento para el subsector metalmecánico de reparación de maquinaria y repuestos industriales de los municipios de Cali y Yumbo, a través del cual se hace una identificación de las necesidades específicas constituyéndose de esta manera en una oportunidad para desarrollar nuevas unidades de negocios o empresas que aportan valor agregado. A partir de la descripción de los factores de innovación que inciden en el índice de competitividad regional, se conceptualizó en torno al desarrollo de la competitividad regional del subsector y de los factores de innovación articulado al encadenamiento productivo (clúster) en este caso metalmecánico. La OCDE (1992) ha señalado que la innovación es un componente fundamental para el desarrollo de la competitividad, así como puede aportar en la equidad y crecimiento de un territorio facilitando el proceso de desarrollo.2 Desde el punto de vista de las empresas, la innovación tecnológica se presenta como un aprendizaje continuo para mejorar los procesos, productos y la gestión de tal manera que permite incrementar su productividad y competitividadO estudo pretende ser uma proposta de melhoria para o subsetor metalomecânico de conserto de máquinas e reposição de peças industriais dos municípios de Cali e Yumbo, através do qual se faz uma identificação das necessidades específicas, criando-se desse modo uma oportunidade para desenvolver novas unidades de negócios ou empresas que trazem valor acrescentado. A partir da descrição dos fatores de inovação que incidem no índice de competitividade regional, foi concebida em torno do desenvolvimento da competitividade regional do subsetor e dos fatores de inovação articulados com a cadeia produtiva (cluster), neste caso o metalomecânico. A OCDE (1992) assinalou que a inovação é um componente fundamental para o desenvolvimento da competitividade, bem como pode contribuir para a equidade e o crescimento de um território facilitando o processo de desenvolvimento. Do ponto de vista das empresas, a inovação tecnológica é apresentada como uma aprendizagem contínua para melhorar os processos, os produtos e a gestão de tal maneira que permite incrementar sua produtividade e competitividade