Mobile and immobile gaseous transport

We introduce a solver method for mobile and immobile transport regions. The motivation is driven by deposition processes based on chemical vapor problems. We analyze the coupled transport-reaction equation with mobile and immobile areas. We apply analytical methods, such as Laplace-transformation, and for the numerical methods we apply Godunov's scheme, see [Godunov59] and [Leveque02]. The method is based numerically on flux-based characteristic methods and is an attractive alternative to the classical higher-order TVD methods, see \cite{hart83}. In this article we will focus on the derivation of the analytical solutions for general and special solutions of the characteristic methods, that are embedded into a finite volume method. At the end of the article we illustrate the higher-order method for different benchmark problems. Finally the method is proposed with realistic results

Daily Use of Energy Management Strategies and Occupational Well-being:The Moderating Role of Job Demands

We examine the relationships among employees’ use of energy management strategies and two occupational well-being outcomes: job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion. Based on conservation of resources theory, it was hypothesized that employees with high job demands would benefit more from using energy management strategies (i.e., including prosocial, organizing, and meaning-related strategies), compared to employees with low job demands. We tested this proposition using a quantitative diary study. Fifty-four employees provided data twice daily across one work week (on average, 7 daily entries). Supporting the hypotheses, prosocial energy management was positively related to job satisfaction. Moreover, employees with high job demands were less emotionally exhausted when using prosocial strategies. Contrary to predictions, when using organizing strategies, employees with low job demands had higher job satisfaction and lower emotional exhaustion. Under high job demands, greater use of organizing strategies was associated with lower job satisfaction and higher emotional exhaustion. Finally, use of meaning-related strategies was associated with higher emotional exhaustion when job demands were low. With this research, we position energy management as part of a resource investment process aimed at maintaining and improving occupational well-being. Our findings show that this resource investment will be more or less effective depending on the type of strategy used and the existing drain on resources (i.e., job demands). This is the first study to examine momentary effects of distinct types of work-related energy management strategies on occupational well-being

Volume Growth of Inpatient Treatments for Spinal Disease – Analysis of German Nationwide Hospital Discharge Data from 2005 to 2014

Hintergrund Seit der Einführung der Diagnosis related Groups (DRG) zur Vergütung akutstationärer Krankenhausleistungen wurden Anstiege der stationären Fallzahlen zur Behandlung von Erkrankungen der Wirbelsäule beobachtet. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, diese Mengenentwicklung bevölkerungsbezogen und nach Behandlungsarten differenziert darzustellen. Material und Methode In den deutschlandweiten Krankenhausabrechnungsdaten (DRG-Statistik) wurden Behandlungsfälle mit operativer sowie nicht operativer Versorgung von Wirbelsäulenerkrankungen identifiziert. Unter Berücksichtigung der demografischen Entwicklung wurde analysiert, in welchem Umfang sich die Fallzahlen im Zeitraum von 2005 bis 2014 verändert haben und in welchen Altersgruppen und bei welchen Eingriffs- bzw. Behandlungsarten Anstiege zu verzeichnen sind. Ergebnisse Im Jahr 2014 (2005) wurden 289 000 (177 000) operativ versorgte und 463 000 (287 000) nicht operativ versorgte Behandlungsfälle identifiziert. Nach Bereinigung um demografische Faktoren wurden sowohl bei operativen als auch bei nicht operativen Behandlungen relative Fallzahlanstiege um jeweils ca. 50% beobachtet, die in höheren Altersgruppen und bei Frauen besonders ausgeprägt waren. Die Mengenentwicklung fiel je nach Art des Eingriffs bzw. der Behandlung sehr unterschiedlich aus. Bei den operativ versorgten Behandlungsfällen hat sich die Anzahl der Bandscheibenoperationen demografiebereinigt nur um + 5% erhöht während sich Wirbelkörperversteifungs- und -ersatzeingriffe, Kypho- und Vertebroplastien und alleinige Dekompressionen der Wirbelsäule mehr als verdoppelt haben. Bei den nicht operativ versorgten Behandlungsfällen wurde bei Behandlungen mit lokaler Schmerztherapie der Wirbelsäule ein demografiebereinigter Anstieg von + 142% beobachtet. Bei rein konservativen Behandlungen lag der demografiebereinigte Anstieg bei + 22%. Schlussfolgerung Welche Ursachen den nicht demografiebedingten Fallzahlanstiegen zugrunde liegen, kann diese Untersuchung nicht direkt klären. Die stratifizierte Betrachtung der Fallzahlen in den verschiedenen Untergruppen kann aber dazu beitragen, die Entwicklungen differenziert einzuordnen und damit die Diskussion um eine mögliche Über- oder Fehlversorgung zielgerichteter als bisher zu führen.Background Marked volume growth of inpatient treatments for spinal disease has been observed since diagnosis related groups (DRG) were introduced as payment for inpatient services in Germany. This study aims to analyse this increase by population and stratified by types of treatment. Material and Methods Using German nationwide hospital discharge data (DRG statistics), inpatient treatments for spinal disease with or without surgery were identified. Trends in case numbers were analysed from 2005 to 2014 with consideration of demographic changes, in order to explore which age groups and which types of treatment are affected by volume growth. Results In 2014 (2005), 289 000 (177 000) inpatient treatments with surgery and 463 000 (287 000) treatments without surgery were identified. After adjusting for demographic factors, treatments with and without surgery exhibited a relative volume growth of + 50%. This increase affected higher age groups and women, in particular. Depending on the type of treatment, very different degrees of volume growth were observed. For example, disc surgeries adjusted for demographic change increased by about + 5%, whereas spinal fusion and vertebral replacement surgeries, kypho-/vertebroplasties and decompression of the spine more than doubled. Within the non-surgically treated cases, local pain therapies of the spine increased after adjustment for demographic changes by about + 142%. The conservatively treated cases showed a demographically adjusted increase of + 22%. Conclusion Apart from demographic changes, this analysis cannot resolve the underlying causes of volume growth in treatments for spinal disease. However, the stratified analysis of various subgroups may help to classify these developments in a more differentiated manner. The results may support a more targeted debate about potential over- or misallocation of inpatient services in this area

Daily Use of Energy Management Strategies and Occupational Well-being: The Moderating Role of Job Demands

We examine the relationships among employees’ use of energy management strategies and two occupational well-being outcomes: job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion. Based on conservation of resources theory, it was hypothesized that employees with high job demands would benefit more from using energy management strategies (i.e., including prosocial, organizing, and meaning-related strategies), compared to employees with low job demands. We tested this proposition using a quantitative diary study. Fifty-four employees provided data twice daily across one work week (on average, 7 daily entries). Supporting the hypotheses, prosocial energy management was positively related to job satisfaction. Moreover, employees with high job demands were less emotionally exhausted when using prosocial strategies. Contrary to predictions, when using organizing strategies, employees with low job demands had higher job satisfaction and lower emotional exhaustion. Under high job demands, greater use of organizing strategies was associated with lower job satisfaction and higher emotional exhaustion. Finally, use of meaning-related strategies was associated with higher emotional exhaustion when job demands were low. With this research, we position energy management as part of a resource investment process aimed at maintaining and improving occupational well-being. Our findings show that this resource investment will be more or less effective depending on the type of strategy used and the existing drain on resources (i.e., job demands). This is the first study to examine momentary effects of distinct types of work-related energy management strategies on occupational well-being

Kassiopeia: A Modern, Extensible C++ Particle Tracking Package

The Kassiopeia particle tracking framework is an object-oriented software package using modern C++ techniques, written originally to meet the needs of the KATRIN collaboration. Kassiopeia features a new algorithmic paradigm for particle tracking simulations which targets experiments containing complex geometries and electromagnetic fields, with high priority put on calculation efficiency, customizability, extensibility, and ease of use for novice programmers. To solve Kassiopeia's target physics problem the software is capable of simulating particle trajectories governed by arbitrarily complex differential equations of motion, continuous physics processes that may in part be modeled as terms perturbing that equation of motion, stochastic processes that occur in flight such as bulk scattering and decay, and stochastic surface processes occuring at interfaces, including transmission and reflection effects. This entire set of computations takes place against the backdrop of a rich geometry package which serves a variety of roles, including initialization of electromagnetic field simulations and the support of state-dependent algorithm-swapping and behavioral changes as a particle's state evolves. Thanks to the very general approach taken by Kassiopeia it can be used by other experiments facing similar challenges when calculating particle trajectories in electromagnetic fields. It is publicly available at https://github.com/KATRIN-Experiment/Kassiopei

Autonomous Aircraft Rescue Firefighting Vehicle: Speedfest 2022 Charlie Div. Team 2

Aircraft fires are dangerous and can get out of control quickly. Due to the size of modern day aircraft, they can hold a large amount of fuel. This leads to a larger and hotter fire, one in fact that may be difficult for humans to approach. To decrease the risk of human life the implementation of autonomy to firefighting vehicles might be the solution.In this article, one will find the complete background, design and manufacturing processes, as well as future plans for this concept to become a reality. A team of eight engineering technology students have put together ideas, experience and effort to propose a hopeful execution for the Autonomous Aircraft Rescue Firefighting Vehicle. One will find throughout this paper that many types of data have been collected, analyses have been run, and investigative research conducted. Programming, wiring, welding, machining, and testing are among several things that have contributed to the progress of this project. Over the course of ten months, amongst complexities and successes, Team Fax is attempting to solve this real-world problem of dangerous aircraft fires. To demonstrate this concept at a scaled size, the team has competed in the Oklahoma State University 2022 Speedfest Competition. The competition required the AARFF vehicle to navigate a course of cones based on GPS locations as well as locating and extinguishing a type A jet fuel fire