78 research outputs found
Spinning Straw into Milk: Can an All- Byproduct Diet Support Milk Production?
Ruminants are able to consume feeds that are unsuitable for humans and monogastric animals, and thus contribute to increased efficiency of our food systems. This study evaluated the performance of dairy cows consuming a diet comprised almost entirely of byproduct feeds, compared with cows consuming a typical lactation diet. The hypothesis was that the byproduct diet could support 80 lb/day of milk production. Although milk production and crude feed efficiency decreased compared to the typical diet, feed efficiency expressed as human-edible output per human-edible input increased for the byproduct diet. This study highlights the unique and important role played by ruminant agriculture in the quest for improved sustainability of our food systems
Spinning straw into milk: Can a 95% byproduct diet support milk production?
Citation: Hulett, M., Ylioja, C. M., Wickersham, T. A., & Bradford, B. J. (2016). Spinning straw into milk: Can a 95% byproduct diet support milk production? Journal of Animal Science, 94, 187-187. doi:10.2527/msasas2016-400Agriculture is challenged with the need to support increasing human populations without additional land. One way the livestock industry has addressed this is by using human inedible feedstuffs, including industrial byproducts. Many dairy and feedlot diets incorporate 20â40% byproduct feeds, but few studies have evaluated responses of lactating dairy cattle to diets composed almost entirely of byproducts. Our objective was to evaluate such a diet in comparison to a more traditional lactation diet. The control diet was primarily composed of alfalfa hay, corn silage, corn gluten feed, and corn grain. The by-product diet included wheat straw, corn hominy, post-extraction algae residue, and corn gluten feed; in addition, 4% molasses was included to improve palatability. The control and by-product diets had similar concentrations of DM (50.6%) and CP (17.2%), whereas the byproduct diet included slightly more NDF (32.9 vs. 30.5%) and less fat (4.7 vs. 5.2%). Twelve Holstein cows (154 ± 20 DIM) were blocked by parity (primiparous vs. multiparous) and randomly assigned to treatment sequence in a crossover design. Diets were fed for 20 d, with data and sample collections over the final 3 d of each period. One cow was removed from byproduct diet after refusing to consume it, and data from this period were not included in the analysis. Data were analyzed with mixed models to assess fixed effects of diet, parity, and their interaction as well as the random effects of cow and period, and significance was declared at P < 0.05. The one selective cow notwithstanding, DMI was not affected by treatment. Milk yield of multiparous cows was decreased by the byproduct diet (38.7 vs. 42.3 ± 2.2 kg/d) but there was no treatment effect in primiparous cows (39.3 vs. 39.4 ± 2.2 kg/d). The byproduct diet decreased milk fat content (3.3 vs. 3.6 ± 0.12%) and tended to decrease protein content (2.94 vs. 2.99 ± 0.05%), and energy-corrected milk yield was decreased by 5.4 kg/d in multiparous cows and 1.5 kg/d in primiparous cows. No effects on BW or BCS were detected. Despite negative productivity responses, calculated recoveries of human-edible protein and energy in the diet were increased by approximately 50% with the byproduct diet, changing from a net loss to a net gain in human-edible energy and protein. A diet composed of 95% byproduct feeds supported milk yield of 39 kg/d and increased the efficiency of production from a human-edible input perspective
Identifying lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender search terminology: A systematic review of health systematic reviews
Research on the health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) populations can provide important information to address existing health inequalities. Finding existing research in LGBT health can prove challenging due to the plethora of terminology used. We sought to describe existing search strategies and to identify more comprehensive LGBT search terminology. We iteratively created a search string to identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses about LGBT health and implemented it in Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases on May 28-29, 2015. We hand-searched the journal LGBT Health. Inclusion criteria were: systematic reviews and meta-analyses that addressed LGBT health, used systematic searching, and used independent coders for inclusion. The published search terminology in each record and search strings provided by authors on request were cross-referenced with our original search to identify additional terminology. Our search process identified 19 systematic reviews meeting inclusion criteria. The number of search terms used to identify LGBT-related records ranged from 1 to 31. From the included studies, we identified 46 new search terms related to LGBT health. We removed five search terms as inappropriate and added five search terms used in the field. The resulting search string included 82 terms. There is room to improve the quality of searching and reporting in LGBT health systematic reviews. Future work should attempt to enhance the positive predictive value of LGBT health searches. Our findings can assist LGBT health reviewers in capturing the diversity of LGBT terminology when searching
Phenolic compounds and expression of 4CL genes in silver birch clones and Pt4CL1a lines
A small multigene family encodes 4-coumarate:CoA ligases (4CLs) catalyzing the CoA ligation of hydroxycinnamic acids, a branch point step directing metabolites to a flavonoid or monolignol pathway. In the present study, we examined the effect of antisense Populus tremuloides 4CL (Pt4CL1) to the lignin and soluble phenolic compound composition of silver birch (Betula pendula) Pt4CL1a lines in comparison with non-transgenic silver birch clones. The endogenous expression of silver birch 4CL genes was recorded in the stems and leaves and also in leaves that were mechanically injured. In one of the transgenic Pt4CL1a lines, the ratio of syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G) lignin units was increased. Moreover, the transcript levels of putative silver birch 4CL gene (Bp4CL1) were reduced and contents of cinnamic acid derivatives altered. In the other two Pt4CL1a lines changes were detected in the level of individual phenolic compounds. However, considerable variation was found in the transcript levels of silver birch 4CLs as well as in the concentration of phenolic compounds among the transgenic lines and non-transgenic clones. Wounding induced the expression of Bp4CL1 and Bp4CL2 in leaves in all clones and transgenic lines, whereas the transcript levels of Bp4CL3 and Bp4CL4 remained unchanged. Moreover, minor changes were detected in the concentrations of phenolic compounds caused by wounding. As an overall trend the wounding decreased the flavonoid content in silver birches and increased the content of soluble condensed tannins. The results indicate that by reducing the Bp4CL1 transcript levels lignin composition could be modified. However, the alterations found among the Pt4CL1a lines and the non-transgenic clones were within the natural variation of silver birches, as shown in the present study by the clonal differences in the transcripts levels of 4CL genes, soluble phenolic compounds and condensed tannins
Sensory capacity of reinnervated skin after redirection of amputated upper limb nerves to the chest
Targeted reinnervation is a new neural-machine interface that has been developed to help improve the function of new-generation prosthetic limbs. Targeted reinnervation is a surgical procedure that takes the nerves that once innervated a severed limb and redirects them to proximal muscle and skin sites. The sensory afferents of the redirected nerves reinnervate the skin overlying the transfer site. This creates a sensory expression of the missing limb in the amputee's reinnervated skin. When these individuals are touched on this reinnervated skin they feel as though they are being touched on their missing limb. Targeted reinnervation takes nerves that once served the hand, a skin region of high functional importance, and redirects them to less functionally relevant skin areas adjacent to the amputation site. In an effort to better understand the sensory capacity of the reinnervated target skin following this procedure, we examined grating orientation thresholds and point localization thresholds on two amputees who had undergone the targeted reinnervation surgery. Grating orientation thresholds and point localization thresholds were also measured on the contralateral normal skin of the targeted reinnervation amputees and on analogous sites in able-bodied controls. Grating orientation thresholds for the reinnervated skin of the targeted reinnervation amputees were found to be similar to normal ranges for both the amputeesâ contralateral skin and also for the control population. Point localization thresholds for these amputees were found to be lower for their reinnervated skin than for their contralateral skin. Reinnervated point localization thresholds values were also lower in comparison to homologous chest sites on the control population. Mechanisms appear to be in place to maximize re-established touch input in targeted reinnervation amputees. It seems that sound sensory function is provided to the denervated skin of the residual limb when connected to afferent pathways once serving highly functionally relevant regions of the brain. This suggests that tactile interface devices could be used to give a physiologically appropriate sense of touch to a prosthetic limb, which would likely help with better functional utilization of the prosthetic device and possibly help to more effectively integrate the device with the user's self-image
Nucleophile-Catalyzed Additions to Activated Triple Bonds. Protection of Lactams, Imides, and Nucleosides with MocVinyl and Related Groups
Additions of lactams, imides, (S)-4-benzyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one, 2-pyridone, pyrimidine-2,4-diones (AZT derivatives), or inosines to the electron-deficient triple bonds of methyl propynoate, tert-butyl propynoate, 3-butyn-2-one, N-propynoylmorpholine, or N-methoxy-N-methylpropynamide in the presence of many potential catalysts were examined. DABCO and, second, DMAP appeared to be the best (highest reaction rates and E/Z ratios), while RuCl3, RuClCp*(PPh3)2, AuCl, AuCl(PPh3), CuI, and Cu2(OTf)2 were incapable of catalyzing such additions. The groups incorporated (for example, the 2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethenyl group that we name MocVinyl) serve as protecting groups for the above-mentioned heterocyclic CONH or CONHCO moieties. Deprotections were accomplished via exchange with good nucleophiles: the 1-dodecanethiolate anion turned out to be the most general and efficient reagent, but in some particular cases other nucleophiles also worked (e.g., MocVinyl-inosines can be cleaved with succinimide anion). Some structural and mechanistic details have been accounted for with the help of DFT and MP2 calculations
MetsÀtuhojen kokonaisvaltainen arviointi : METKOKA-hankkeen loppuraportti
MetsÀtuhojen kokonaisvaltaiset kustannukset eli METKOKA-hankkeen aikana arvioitiin Suomen metsien tÀrkeimpien tuhonaiheuttajien aiheuttamat taloudelliset tappiot hyödyntÀen saatavilla olevia tietoja metsistÀ ja tuhoista, sekÀ Luonnonvarakeskuksessa kehitettyÀ Motti-metsikkösimulaattoria, jonka avulla ennustettiin puuston kehitystÀ eri tilanteissa metsikkötasolla, josta ne skaalattiin edelleen laajemmille alueille. Tutkimuksen aikana kuitenkin ilmeni, ettÀ lÀhes kaikkien tarkasteltujen tuhonaiheuttajien (juurikÀÀvÀt, tervasroso, kirjanpainaja, tukkimiehentÀi, mÀntypistiÀiset, ytimennÀvertÀjÀt, myyrÀt, hirvielÀimet sekÀ tuuli- ja lumituhot) osalta tiedot olivat enemmÀn tai vÀhemmÀn puutteellisia.
TÀssÀ tarkastelussa taloudellisesti merkittÀvimmiksi suomalaisten metsien tuhonaiheuttajiksi osoittautuivat kuusenjuurikÀÀpÀ, hirvielÀimet, tuuli ja kirjanpainaja, mutta myös lÀhes kaikkien muiden tarkasteltujen tuhonaiheuttajien aiheuttamat tappiot olivat merkittÀviÀ. Kaikkien metsÀtuhojen keskimÀÀrÀiseksi kokonaiskustannukseksi saatiin noin 100 miljoonaa euroa vuodessa eli viisi prosenttia kantorahatuloista, mutta arviossa on huomattavaa vuosien vÀlistÀ vaihtelua. SitÀ on pidettÀvÀ suuruusluokaltaan oikeansuuntaisena, mutta laskennan lÀhtötietojen puutteellisuuden takia kuitenkin selkeÀnÀ aliarviona metsÀtuhojen aiheuttamista todellisista kokonaiskustannuksista metsÀnomistajille. Siksi nyt ilmenneet tiedonpuutteet olisi hyvÀ tÀydentÀÀ uudella tutkimustiedolla sekÀ tuhotietojen entistÀ systemaattisemmalla kerÀÀmisellÀ. LisÀksi kansataloudellisen pÀÀtöksenteon kannalta tulisi analyysiin sisÀllyttÀÀ tuhojen aiheuttamat metsÀsektorin arvonlisÀys- ja työllisyysvaikutukset sekÀ kerrannaisvaikutukset muilla toimialoilla.
METKOKA hankkeen aikana pÀivitettiin myös vuodelta 2014 olevaa Maa- ja metsÀtalousministeriön varautumissuunnitelmaa metsÀtuhoihin. TyössÀ hyödynnetÀÀn METKOKA-hankkeen tuloksia ja varautumissuunnitelma julkaistaan erillisenÀ Maa- ja metsÀtalousministeriön julkaisusarjassa
MetsÀtuhot vuonna 2022
Luonnonvarakeskus tuottaa vuosittaista MetsÀtuhot - raporttisarjaa. Raporteissa kÀydÀÀn lÀpi mitÀ metsissÀ, taimitarhoilla sekÀ puisto- ettÀ pihapuilla menneenÀ vuonna tapahtui eri tuhonaiheuttajien osalta. LisÀksi raportissa kÀydÀÀn lÀpi muitakin metsien mielenkiintoisiÀ ilmiöitÀ, vaikkeivat ne varsinaisia tuhoja olisivatkaan olleet. Vuosi 2022 oli tÀltÀ osin mielenkiintoinen, sillÀ helteisen kesÀn 2021 jÀljet nÀkyivÀt osin vasta tÀllöin.
Vuonna 2022 kirjanpainajan (Ips typographus) takia hakattiin metsiÀ metsÀkeskuksen kerÀÀmien ilmoitusten perusteella enemmÀn kuin kertaakaan tilastointihistoriassa (2 834 ha). Laji myös parveili aiempaa runsaampana Luken feromoniseurannan pohjoisimmilla alueilla. Kirjanpainajan lisÀksi myös toinen havupuiden kaarnakuoriainen, kuusentÀhtikirjaaja, aiheutti nÀkyviÀ latvakuolemia kuuselle eri puolilla Suomea. Molempien ilmiöiden takana vaikutti paitsi kuoriaisille kohtuullinen kesÀ 2022, niin ennen kaikkea helteinen ja lÀmmin kesÀ 2021. Ilmiö konkretisoikin omalla tavallaan ilmaston lÀmpenemisen mahdollisia vaikutuksia metsissÀmme.
Helteiden tuhoja lisÀÀvĂ€t vaikutukset eivĂ€t kuitenkaan nĂ€kyneet valtakunnan metsien inventoinnissa (VMI) samalla tavalla. VMI:ssĂ€ havaitut kirjanpainajatuhot jopa laskivat (-14 %) hieman vuoden takaisesta. TĂ€ssĂ€ on kuitenkin muistettava, ettĂ€ VMI otanta ei ole ajallisesti eikĂ€ spatiaaliselta tarkkuudeltaan soveltuva useimpien hyönteis- ja sienituhojen seurantaan. MerkittĂ€vimpinĂ€ tuhonaiheuttajina VMI:ssĂ€ olivat aiempien vuosien tapaan lumi, tuuli ja hirvielĂ€imet â eli tuhot, joita voidaan yleisesti havaita maastossa inventointiajankohdasta riippumatta.
LÀmpenevÀÀn ilmastoon reagoivat hyönteisten lisÀksi useat muutkin kotoperÀiset taudinaiheuttajat. Ne hyötyvÀt ilmastonmuutoksesta mm. laajentamalla esiintymisaluettaan sekÀ aiheuttamalla puissa enemmÀn vaurioita, etenkin kun sÀÀt muuttuvat suopeimmaksi niille, mutta huonommiksi niiden isÀntÀpuille. KuusenjuurikÀÀpÀÀ etelÀisempi mÀnnynjuurikÀÀpÀ (Heterobasidion annosum s.s.) raportoitiinkin vuonna 2022 Pohjois-Pohjanmaalta saakka. JuurikÀÀpÀtuhot myös lisÀÀntyivÀt noin 30 % vuonna 2022 edellisvuoteen verrattuna. LÀmpimÀt ja kuivat kesÀt ovat myös edesauttaneet tulokaslaji havuparikkaan (Diplodia sapinea) aiheuttaman taudin etelÀnversosurman puhkeamista. Havuparikkaan levinneisyysaluetta kartoitettiin vuonna 2022 kansalaistieteen avulla, ja sienen esiintyminen olikin ennakoitua laajempi. Myös tulokaslaji havununna (Lymantria monacha) tavattiin hieman aiempaa runsaampana lajin pohjoisemmilla esiintymisalueilla.
Vuonna 2022 pÀÀtÀÀn nostivat valitettavasti myös ilmastosta riippumattomat uhkatekijÀt: kansainvÀlisen kasvikaupan ja turismin mukana leviÀvÀt haitalliset vieraslajit. Uusia vierasperÀisiÀ tuhonaiheuttajia löydettiin niin taimitarhoilta, kuin puistopuistakin. Koivuilla todettiin Discula betulina-sienen aiheuttamaa versolaikkua, pihdoilta taas löydettiin pihtanÀppyÀ (Neonectria macrospora). Haitallisten vieraslajien leviÀminen on kansainvÀlinen ongelma, jolta pohjoinen Suomikaan ei ole turvassa. Luken tutkijat julkaisivat vuonna 2022 suomenkielisen artikkelisarjan mikÀ sisÀlsi tietoa useiden eri vieraslajien uhasta. Katsaus muistuttaa, ettei metsiemme valtapuilla useinkaan ole vastustuskykyÀ nÀitÀ uusia tuholaisia vastaan, mikÀ tekee niistÀ merkittÀvÀn uhan metsien terveydelle. Haitallisten vieraslajien leviÀmisen estÀminen on siis erityisen tÀrkeÀÀ niin nyt kuin tulevaisuudessakin. TÀssÀ kansainvÀlinen kasvikauppa on pahin uhkatekijÀ. Metsien ja puutarhojen osalta ulkomaisten taimien ja koristekasvien tuonti muodostaa tehokkaan haitallisten vieraslajien leviÀmisvÀylÀn. Kotimainen taimituotanto taasen tuottaa paitsi terveitÀ, niin myös alkuperÀltÀÀn tunnettuja ja laadultaan varmistettuja taimia. NÀitÀ taimia jokaisen tulisi suosia niin metsÀnuudistamisessa kuin kotipihoilla, sillÀ olemassa oleva lainsÀÀdÀntö ei kansainvÀlistÀ kasvikauppaa hillitse.
Luke kerÀÀ ja koosta myös kansalaisten tekemiÀ ilmoituksia havaituista puustotuhoista tai muista metsien ilmiöstÀ. Vuonna 2022 okakaarnakuoriaisten (Ips acuminatus) takia tehdyt tuhoilmoitukset jatkoivat kasvuaan vuodelta 2021. Ilmoituksissa ja niiden perusteella tehdyissÀ maastotarkastuksissa mÀntyjen todettiin kuolevan etenkin lounaisrannikolla, missÀ okakaarnakuoriaiset tuntuivat viihtyvÀn hyvin yhdessÀ havuparikkaan kanssa. Selvitys nÀiden kahden tuholaisen mahdollisesta yhteisvaikutuksesta Àkillisesti kuivuneiden mÀntyjen kuolemiin jatkuu Lukessa. TÀmÀn vuoden raporttiin omaksi tarinakseen nostettiin myös ilmoituksia kerÀnnyt lehtikuoriaisten runsas esiintyminen, missÀ etenkin lepillÀ esiintyvÀ idÀnlehtikuoriainen (Agelastica alni) oli nÀkyvÀssÀ roolissa.
Vaikka vuoden 2022 perusteella tilanne Suomen metsissÀ on tuhojen suhteen pÀÀosin hyvÀ, vuosi muistutti meitÀ konkreettisesti sekÀ muuttuvan ilmaston ettÀ kansainvÀlisen kasvikaupan meille tuomista uhkista. SekÀ vieras- ettÀ tulokaslajien aiheuttamat riskit tulevat kasvamaan lÀmpenevÀssÀ ilmastossa, sillÀ sen ansiosta nÀmÀ lajit pystyvÀt todennÀköisemmin vakiinnuttamaan asemansa uudella alueellaan. MeillÀ jo ongelmia aiheuttavien lajien kuten juurikÀÀvÀn tai kirjanpainajan osalta lÀmpenevÀ ilmasto ei niin ikÀÀn lupaa missÀÀn mÀÀrin hyvÀÀ metsillemme. Ollaksemme varautuneita mahdolliseen tuhojen Àkilliseen lisÀÀntymiseen tarvitsemme paitsi aktiivista seurantaa, niin myös perus- ja soveltavaa tutkimusta. sekÀ tarkempaa analyysiÀ siitÀ miten eri tuhonaiheuttajien uhat voivat meillÀ tulevaisuudessa realisoitua
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