三重県における地域別食生活実態の公衆栄養学的考察(第4報) : 三重県下鈴鹿市立庄野小学校および阿山郡大山田村立東小学校児童の家庭における栄養摂取状態と学校給食のあり方についての検討

A nutrition survey was made of children\u27s household foods with all sixth graders (36 pupils in 1978; 25 pupils in 1979) at Suzuka Municipal Shono Primary School, Suzuka City, Mie prefecture and all fifth and sixth graders (17 pupils in 1978 ; 22 pupils in 1979) at Ohyamada Village Higashi Primary School, Ayama County, Awa District over a period of three consecutive days in May in 1978 and 1979 each. (1) Regarding the children\u27s nutritional intake from their household foods, nutrients of which the quantities did not differ significantly from or significantly exceeded the standard quantities in common at each of the schools and in each of the years were energy, proteins and animal proteins, whereas those of which the quanties differed significantly from and were significantly below the standard quantities were calcium, vitamin A and vitamin C. Especially at Ohyamada Village Higashi Primary School, which is situated among mountains, fat, vitamin B_1 and vitamin C tended to be deficient in each of the years. Even in the case of the foregoing nutrients of which the intake quantities exceeded the standard quantities, however, in terms of individuals, there were none-theless pretty large number of children whose nutritional intake of the nutrients was below the standard quantities. (2) It was found that those deficient nutrients, such as calcium, vitamin A, vitamin B_1, vitamin B_2 and so forth, that were confirmed in this survey of the children\u27s nutritional intake from their household foods, were all complemented by those bread, milk, subsidiary articles of died, and vitamins added to them for fortification that were provided by school lunch services. The nutrients lacking in the home meals of the children were found to be supplied by the school lunches. Thus, if school lunches are not provided, many of the children can be assumed to become undernourished

三重県における地域別食生活実態の公衆栄養学的考察 : 第12報 昭和57年,三重県下鈴鹿市庄野小学校および大山田村東小学校学童の栄養摂取状態とその家族とのまどい状況

三重県における学童期栄養のあり方と栄養指導の方法を探る目的で,第1報～第4報(1978～1981)にひきつづき,前回と同じ平坦部で近郊都市の市街化地域である鈴鹿市庄野小学校6年生および山間部の農村である阿山郡大山田村東小学校6年生の学童を対象とし,その家庭食事(朝・夕食および間食)における栄養摂取状態とその家族とのまどい状況について調査した。(1)昭和57年の学校別,学童の家庭食事における平均栄養摂取量の標準量に対する充足率をみると庄野小学校ではカルシウムおよびビタミンB_2が標準量を下回り,東小学校ではカルシウム,ビタミンB_2のほかに特にビタミンAが有意に下回っていた。ついで,植物性・動物性脂肪比では庄野小学校は1.20,東小学校は1.54であった。また,コレステロール摂取量では,前者は403mg,後者は298mgで,両校との間には有意差がみられた。食塩摂取量では庄野小学校では6.9g,東小学校では6.7gで,両校とも,目標量の3.0gよりもはるかに高い値であった。(2)平日の家庭食事で,家族そろって食べない学童は,庄野小学校では,朝食で8.3%,夕食で4.2%がみられ,東小学校では朝食で57.9%,夕食で15.8%もみらとめられた。In an attempt to grope out the desirable nutrition of the school aged in Mie Prefecture and the method of nutritional guidance to them, the survey of the conditions of nutritional intake in meals at home (breakfast, supper and snack) and a fireside circle among each family was made in succession to the 1st to the 4th reports (1978-1981), on, as in the previous case, the 6th year pupils of Shono Elementary School, Suzuka City, which is located on the flat land in the urban area of a suburban city and those of Higashi Elementary School, Ohyamada Village, Ayama District, which is a farm village in a mountainous region. (1) Of the average nutritional intake in pupils\u27 meals at home, which was classified by schools (1982), its sufficiency rate to the standard nutritional requirement showed that intakes of calcium and vitamin B_2 were below the standard requirements in Shono Elementary School and that of vitamin A, in particular, besides those of calcium and vitamin B_2 was significantly below the standard requirement in Higashi Elementary School. And the ratio of vegetable and animal fats was 1.20 for Shono Elementary School and 1.54 for Higashi Elementary School. Also, the intake of cholesterol was 403mg for the former and 298mg for the latter, which made a significant difference between two schools. The intake of salt was 6.9g for Shono Elementary School and 6.7g for Higashi Elementary School, both figures being much higher values than 3.0g, the standard requirement. (2) As for meals at home on weekdays, 8.3% of pupils didn\u27t dine with their families for breakfast and 4.2% for supper in Shono Elementary School, and as many as 57.9% of pupils for breakfast and 15.8% for supper in Higashi Elementary School

三重県における地域別食生活実態の公衆栄養学的考察 : 第8報 昭和55年,三重県下鈴鹿市庄野小学校および阿山郡大山田村東小学校児童の栄養摂取状態

三重県における学校給食のあり方についての資料を得る目的で,今回(昭和55年)は第1報(昭和53年)および第2報(昭和54年)にひきつづき,前回と同じ鈴鹿市庄野小学校6年生20名および阿山郡大山田村東小学校6年生12名,合計32名について家庭食事の栄養調査を実施した。ついで,その結果と前回の成績との検討も行なった。(1)昭和55年の学校別児童の家庭食事における栄養摂取状況の標準量に対する充足率をみると,鈴鹿市庄野小学校では,カルシウム,ビタミンAおよびビタミンB_2など,17～23%の不足がみられた。また,大山田村東小学校では,脂肪,カルシウム,ビタミンA,ビタミンB_1およびビタミンB_2など,21～33%の不足がみられた。ついで,食品群別摂取状況の目標量に対する充足率をみると,前者では,緑黄色野菜68%,いも類49%,大豆・その製品類25%および乳類16%の不足がみられ,後者では,いも類52%,果実類40%,乳類32%,その他の野菜類8%の不足が目立った。(2)上記の年次別,学校別児童の家庭食事に学校給食の栄養摂取量を加算した場合における1日の栄養摂取状況の年次別推移をみると,両校ともどの年次においても,カルシウム,ビタミンA,ビタミンB_1およびビタミンB_2などの各不足栄養素は,学校給食からの摂取により,おおむねあるいは大幅にそれぞれカバーされていることがわかった。しかしながら,大山田村東小学校における昭和54年の脂肪摂取量のみは,学校給食からの摂取によってもなお補完されず,やや不足をまぬがれなかった。このことは本県における山間部では,脳卒中予防などの従来の栄養指導を必要とする地域が存在することが推察される。(3)食事状況では,平日,家族でそろって食べる児童は,鈴鹿市庄野小学校では朝食36%,夕食63%,大山田村東小学校では朝食52%,夕食42%が認められた。本研究は,昭和56年9月17日第28回日本栄養改善学会において発表したものである。For the purpose of obtaining data on school feeding in Mie Prefecture, following the first report in 1978 and the second one in 1979, under the same conditions as before, 20 sixth graders of Shono Elementary School in Suzuka-shi and 12 sixth graders of Oyamada-mura-Higashi Elementary School, Ayama-gun, Mie Prefecture, 32 children in total, were studied this time in 1980 as to their nutritional level with meals at home, the results of which then were compared with the previous records. (1) As to sufficiency rate to the standard nutrient intake from meals at home of children by school in 1980, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin B_2, etc., were in short at 17-23% in the Shono School, while fat, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin B_1 and vitamin B_2 were in short at 21-33% in the Oyamada-mura-Higashi School. Next, as to sufficiency rate of intake by foods to the target level, a shortage was observed with the former in 68% of green-yellow vegetables, 49% of potatoes, 25% of soybeans and 16% of dairy products, while with the latter in 52% of potatoes, 4% of fruits 32% of dairy products and 8% of other vegetables. (2) When yearly change of daily nutrient intake with the abovementioned meals at home and at school of children by year and by school was studied, in any year with both schools, shortage of calcium, vitamin A, vitamin B_1 and vitamin B_2 was known to be covered generally or even much better by intake from school feeding. However, as to fat intake in 1979 of Oyamada-mura-Higashi School only,it was not covered by intake from school feeding still being under the standard level. From this, it can be assumed that in mountainous regions in this prefecture there remains some areas in need of the conventional nutrition improvement guidance. (3) From the viewpoint of eating condition, children who take a meal with all the family on weekdays represented 36% (breakfast) and 63% (dinner) of all in Shono Elementary School, and 63% (breakfast) and 35% (dinner) of all in Oyamadamura-higashi Elementary School. And children who take a meal rarely all together with the family represented 63% (breakfast) and 35% of all in the former school and 52% (breakfast) and 42% (dinner) of all in the latter school

A Novel, Tumor-Induced Osteoclastogenesis Pathway Insensitive to Denosumab but Interfered by Cannabidiol

Bone metabolism is strictly regulated, and impaired regulation caused by hormonal imbalances induces systemic bone loss. Local bone loss caused by tumor invasion into bone is suggested to be induced by the generation of cytokines, which affect bone metabolism, by tumor cells. The major cause of systemic and local bone losses is excess bone resorption by osteoclasts, which differentiate from macrophages by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). We previously found a novel pathway for tumor-induced osteoclastogenesis targeting osteoclast precursor cells (OPCs). Tumor-induced osteoclastogenesis was resistant to RANKL and TNF-alpha inhibitors. In the present study, we confirmed that exosomes derived from oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells induced osteoclasts from OPCs. We also showed that the depletion of exosomes from culture supernatants of OSCC cells partially interfered with osteoclastogenesis, and cannabidiol, an innoxious cannabinoid without psychotropic effects, almost completely suppressed tumor-induced osteoclastogenesis. Osteoclastogenesis and its interference by cannabidiol were independent of the expression of nuclear factor of T cell c1 (NFATc1). These results show that osteoclastogenesis induced by OSCC cells targeting OPCs is a novel osteoclastogenic pathway independent of NFATc1 expression that is partially caused by tumor-derived exosomes and suppressed by cannabidiol

Leukemia inhibitory factor produced by fibroblasts within tumor stroma participates in invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma

<div><p>The interaction between cancer cells and the cancer stroma plays a crucial role in tumor progression and metastasis in diverse malignancies, including oral cancer. However, the mechanism underlying this interaction remains incompletely elucidated. Here, to investigate the interaction between oral cancer cells and fibroblasts, which are major cellular components of the tumor stroma, we conducted an <i>in vitro</i> study by using human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines and normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). The results of transwell assays revealed that the migration and invasion of 2 OSCC cell lines, HO1-N-1 and HSC3, were markedly stimulated upon coculturing with NHDFs. To investigate the factors that promote tumor invasion, we isolated NHDFs from cocultures prepared with HO1-N-1 cells and performed microarray analysis. Among the various genes that were upregulated, we identified the gene encoding leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and we focused on LIF in further analyses. We confirmed that all OSCC-derived conditioned media potently upregulated LIF expression in NHDFs, and the results of our transwell analysis demonstrated that NHDF-induced OSCC migration and invasion were inhibited by LIF-neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of patient samples revealed that in 44 out of 112 OSCC cases, LIF was expressed in the tumor stroma, particularly in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and, notably, clinicopathological analyses confirmed that LIF expression in CAFs was significantly correlated with increased depth of tumor invasion. Collectively, our results suggest that OSCC stimulates fibroblasts to produce LIF, which, in turn, participates in cancer-cell invasion. Our finding offers a potential therapeutic strategy targeting the cancer stroma for the treatment of OSCC patients.</p></div

The liver kinase B1 supports mammary epithelial morphogenesis by inhibiting critical factors that mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition

The liver kinase B1 (LKB1) controls cellular metabolism and cell polarity across species. We previously established a mechanism for negative regulation of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling by LKB1. The impact of this mechanism in the context of epithelial polarity and morphogenesis remains unknown. After demonstrating that human mammary tissue expresses robust LKB1 protein levels, whereas invasive breast cancer exhibits significantly reduced LKB1 levels, we focused on mammary morphogenesis studies in three dimensional (3D) acinar organoids. CRISPR/Cas9-introduced loss-of-function mutations of STK11 (LKB1) led to profound defects in the formation of 3D organoids, resulting in amorphous outgrowth and loss of rotation of young organoids embedded in matrigel. This defect was associated with an enhanced signaling by TGFβ, including TGFβ auto-induction and induction of transcription factors that mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Protein marker analysis confirmed a more efficient EMT response to TGFβ signaling in LKB1 knockout cells. Accordingly, chemical inhibition of the TGFβ type I receptor kinase largely restored the morphogenetic defect of LKB1 knockout cells. Similarly, chemical inhibition of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway or the TANK-binding kinase 1, or genetic silencing of the EMT factor SNAI1, partially restored the LKB1 knockout defect. Thus, LKB1 sustains mammary epithelial morphogenesis by limiting pathways that promote EMT. The observed downregulation of LKB1 expression in breast cancer is therefore predicted to associate with enhanced EMT induced by SNAI1 and TGFβ family members

Analysis of overall survival associated with LIF expression in CAFs in human OSCC.

<p><b>A:</b> Kaplan-Meier curve for overall survival in relation to the presence of CAFs in 112 human OSCC cases. <b>B:</b> Kaplan-Meier curve for overall survival in relation to the presence of LIF in CAFs in 112 human OSCC cases.</p

OSCC cell lines stimulate LIF expression in NHDFs.

<p>CM derived from 4 OSCC cell lines were separately added to NHDFs, and increased LIF expression was confirmed through quantitative real-time PCR analysis after 48 h of culture. The experiment was performed in triplicate in 24-well plates. Representative graph from 3 independent experiments is shown. Data represent means ± SEM. Multiple comparisons were performed by using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s method. **p < 0.01 compared with control NHDFs.</p

Clinicopathological significance of LIF expression in CAFs.

<p>Clinicopathological significance of LIF expression in CAFs.</p