3,209 research outputs found

    Characterizing and Comprehending Land Use Change in the Loess Hills Region

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    Regional land use change has important implications for ecosystems and the local human population. Metropolitan areas (MAs) are placing increasing emphasis on amenities and the environment when seeking to attract high income workers and their employers. Our interest is in characterizing land use change in Iowa’s Loess Hills Ecoregion (ILHE) that skirts both Sioux City and Council Bluffs MAs. ILHE is a distinctive landform of silty soils up to 200 feet high that were wind deposited just east of the Missouri River floodplain. Covering about 0.7 million acres, the Loess hills stretch north about 200 miles (usually no wider than 15 miles) from Holt County, Missouri, to Plymouth County, Iowa and are largely under private ownership. Although the soils are rich, cultivation has been difficult so that the region contains more than 50 percent of Iowa’s remnant prairie. However, technologies that allow cropping on steeply sloped and highly erodible terrains, increasing agricultural prices, and pressure for urban development have led to concerns about habitat loss conversion and fragmentation (Farnsworth et al. 2010)

    Land Use Change and Policy in Iowa’s Loess Hills

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    We consider land use change in Iowa’s Loess Hills, which contain much of the state’s remaining prairie grassland. Although crop production has expanded on the landform since 2005, much of this expansion has been from soybean into corn with a clear trend toward more intensive corn rotations. Forest land has expanded in the area while we do not find evidence of extensive conversion to development. Data indicate that crop production has moved away from more heavily sloped land, but the increase in cropping does not appear to be occurring on land with high crop productivity

    Varför lyckas vissa chefer bĂ€ttre Ă€n andra? – En studie av arbetsklimatanalysen pĂ„ ”Tillverka AB”

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    Personalen Ă€r den frĂ€msta tillgĂ„ngen för flertalet, om inte alla, organisationer idag. Detta innebĂ€r att arbetsmiljö och trivsel pĂ„ arbetsplatsen blir vĂ€ldigt viktigt för ett företags prestationer. För att mĂ€ta hur nöjda medarbetarna Ă€r genomför vĂ„r uppdragsgivare ”Tillverka AB” Ă„rligen en arbetsklimatsanalys (AKA) i hela organisationen. (Företaget Ă€r ett internationellt tillverkande företag som önskade att behĂ„lla sitt riktiga namn anonymt.) VĂ„ra kontaktpersoner pĂ„ företaget önskade att vi skulle undersöka AKA-processen hos produktionschefer (verkstadsanstĂ€lldas nĂ€rmaste överordnade) för att se vilka faktorer som pĂ„verkar produktionschefernas och deras respektive avdelningars AKA-resultat. UtifrĂ„n uppdraget formulerade vi vĂ„r forskningsfrĂ„ga: Hur kan produktionscheferna pĂ„ Tillverka AB arbeta för att förbĂ€ttra sina AKA-resultat? VĂ„rt mĂ„l var att besvara denna frĂ„ga genom att lyfta fram och analysera eventuella skillnader mellan produktionscheferna och arbetsgrupperna, dels i deras sĂ€tt att arbeta med AKAÂŽn och dels i deras attityder gentemot denna. Vi fokuserade pĂ„ chefernas och de verkstadsanstĂ€lldas lĂ€rande, utveckling och motivation dĂ„ vi ansĂ„g att dessa faktorer Ă€r direkt avgörande nĂ€r det gĂ€ller hur cheferna kan förbĂ€ttra sina AKA-resultat. I teorikapitlet fokuserade vi exempelvis pĂ„ teori som rör just lĂ€rande och kunskaps betydelse för organisationers utveckling. Vi koncentrerade oss Ă€ven pĂ„ teorier och studier om feedbackens och motivationens roll i en individs lĂ€rande och utveckling, samt hinder mot detta. För att förstĂ„ attityder gentemot AKAÂŽn valde vi ut motivationsteorier som fokuserar pĂ„ exempelvis anstĂ€lldas förvĂ€ntningar pĂ„ företaget samt vikten av att ledningens retorik ocksĂ„ avspeglas i den faktiska verksamheten. Vi genomförde intervjuer med sex produktionschefer och tvĂ„ till fyra verkstadsanstĂ€llda under respektive chef. Urvalet gjorde vi genom att vĂ€lja ut de tre chefer som hade erhĂ„llit lĂ€gst respektive högst resultat pĂ„ 2007 Ă„rs AKA. Mer precist delade vi in de sex produktionscheferna och deras verkstadsanstĂ€llda i tvĂ„ grupper. I Grupp 1 ingick cheferna med lĂ€gre resultat och i Grupp 2 ingick de med högre. Denna uppdelning efter AKA-resultat anvĂ€ndes genomgĂ„ende under undersökningen. Ser man till intervjufrĂ„gorna behandlade de arbetssĂ€tt med och attityd gentemot AKAÂŽn, utvecklingsmöjligheter, feedback, kontakt med andra produktionschefer etcetera. Chefernas och de anstĂ€lldas svar sammanstĂ€lldes i varsin tabell och utifrĂ„n dessa kunde sĂ„vĂ€l skillnader som likheter mellan grupperna identifieras. De likheterna som kom fram rörde utvecklingsmöjligheter, arbetssĂ€tt med AKAÂŽn samt bristande kommunikation mellan produktionscheferna. De skillnader som kom fram var attityder och motivation gentemot AKAÂŽn, uppfattningar om feedback, uppföljning av AKA-aktiviteter samt chefernas sĂ€tt att hantera problem kring AKAÂŽn. Av undersökningen kom vi fram till att cheferna i Grupp 2 lyckats bĂ€ttre eftersom de Ă€r mer angelĂ€gna om att hitta tid till uppföljning av aktiviteterna, Ă€ven under tidspress. De ser ocksĂ„ större betydelse i AKA-aktiviteterna jĂ€mfört med Grupp 1. UtifrĂ„n undersökningen anser vi att Tillverka AB dĂ€rför borde uppmĂ€rksamma uppföljningen av aktiviteterna i större utstrĂ€ckning. Vi kom ocksĂ„ fram till att det Ă€r dĂ„lig kommunikation mellan fabrikerna vilket hindrar spridning av viktig kunskap om arbetet med AKAÂŽn – nĂ„got som skulle kunna hjĂ€lpa cheferna att förbĂ€ttra sina AKA-resultat. VĂ„r rekommendation blir dĂ€rför att skapa forum dĂ€r erfarenheter kan utbytas mellan cheferna. Resultatet visade ocksĂ„ att mĂ„nga verkstadsanstĂ€llda angav att AKAÂŽn inte ger dem nĂ„got, vilket skulle kunna bero pĂ„ att deras förvĂ€ntningar pĂ„ AKAÂŽn och aktiviteterna Ă€r för höga. Chefen mĂ„ste dĂ€rmed vara tydlig med vilken nivĂ„ AKA-aktiviteterna ligger pĂ„ och att förvĂ€ntningarna ska anpassas till avdelningen. Avslutningsvis visade studien att det fanns negativa attityder till AKAÂŽn i bĂ„da grupperna men frĂ€mst i Grupp 1. VĂ„r uppfattning Ă€r att cheferna i Grupp 2 har en mer positiv attityd och pĂ„ sĂ„ sĂ€tt skapar bĂ€ttre förutsĂ€ttningarna för att nĂ„ högre AKA-resultat. VĂ„r rekommendation Ă€r sĂ„ledes att företaget skapar mer uppmĂ€rksamhet kring produktionschefernas arbete med AKAÂŽn för att skapa motivation och Ă„tagande, och pĂ„ sĂ„ sĂ€tt försöka förĂ€ndra chefernas attityder till den

    Data Analysis Techniques for Fan Performance in Highly-Distorted Flows from Boundary Layer Ingesting Inlets

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    The design of a unique distortion-tolerant fan for a high-bypass ratio boundary-layer ingesting propulsion system has been completed and a rig constructed and tested in the NASA Glenn 8x6 wind tunnel. Processing the data from the experiment presented some interesting challenges because of the complexity of the experimental setup and the flow through the test rig. The experiment was run in three phases, each of which employed a unique complement of inlet throat and fan face instrumentation to avoid the blockage that would have resulted from simultaneously installing all of the rakes. The measurement from the individual test points were subsequently combined to compute the overall stage performance. A CFD model of the experiment was used to gain understanding of the flow field and to test some of the techniques proposed for interpolating and extrapolating the measurements into regions where measurements were not made. This capability became extremely useful when it was discovered that there was an unexpected total temperature distortion in the tunnel. The CFD model was modified by inserting a total temperature profile at the upstream boundary that mimicked the measured distortion where measurements were available and that CFD solution was used to investigate methods to infer the complete total temperature field at the fan face

    The Farmer and the Rancher

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    Vast, dry, and flat. The Great Plains of the continental US stretch from the foot of the Rockies through to the grasslands by the Mississippi, as far north as Canada and as far south as Texas. Covering 1.3 million square kilometres (a size roughly equivalent to Peru), it is renowned for being an immense expanse of farms and paddocks, with a tree, a creek or a town thrown in for variety every so often

    Land Use Change and Policy in Iowa’s Loess Hills

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    Land use changes have important implications on ecosystems and society. Detailed identification of the nature of land use changes in any local region is critical for policy design. In this paper, we quantify land use change in Iowa’s Loess Hills ecoregion, which contains much of the state’s remaining prairie grasslands. We employ two distinct panel datasets, the National Resource Inventory data and multi-year Cropland Data Layers, that allow us to characterize spatially-explicit land use change in the region over the period 1982-2010. We analyze land use trends, land use transitions and crop rotations within the ecoregion, and contrast these with county and state-level changes. To better comprehend the underlying land use changes, we evaluate our land use characterizing metrics conditional on soil quality variables such as slope and erodibility. We also consider the role of contemporary agricultural policy and commodity markets to seek explanations for land use changes during the period of our study. Although crop production has expanded on the Loess Hills landform since 2005, much of the expansion in corn acres has been from reduced soybean acreage. We find that out of the total 258 km2 increase in corn acreage during 2005-’10, about 100 km2 transitioned from soybeans. Data also indicate intensifying monoculture with higher percentage of corn plantings for two to four consecutive years during 2000-’10. In addition, crop production is found to have moved away from more heavily sloped land. Cropping does not appear to have increased on lands with higher crop productivity

    Management practices, workforce selection and productivity

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    Recent research suggests that much of the cross-firm variation in measured productivity is due to differences in use of advanced management practices. Many of these practices – including monitoring, goal setting, and the use of incentives – are mediated through employee decision-making and effort. To the extent that these practices are complementary with workers’ skills, better-managed firms will tend to recruit higher-ability workers and adopt pay practices to retain these employees. We use a unique data set that combines detailed survey data on the management practices of German manufacturing firms with longitudinal earnings records for their employees to study the relationship between productivity, management, worker ability, and pay. As documented by Bloom and Van Reenen (2007) there is a strong partial correlation between management practice scores and firm-level productivity in Germany. In our preferred TFP estimates only a small fraction of this correlation is explained by the higher human capital of the average employee at better-managed firms. A larger share (about 13%) is attributable to the human capital of the highest-paid workers, a group we interpret as representing the managers of the firm. And a similar amount is mediated through the pay premiums offered by better-managed firms. Looking at employee inflows and outflows, we confirm that better-managed firms systematically recruit and retain workers with higher average human capital. Overall, we conclude that workforce selection and positive pay premiums explain just under 30% of the measured impact of management practices on productivity in German manufacturing

    Estimating Sensitive Behavior: The ICT and High-Incidence Electoral Behavior

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    Funding This work is supported by the Austrian National Election Study, a National Research Network sponsored by the Austrian Science Fund (S10902-G11). Acknowledgments The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive feedback and Graeme Blair and Kosuke Imai for their helpful support.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
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