3,209 research outputs found
Characterizing and Comprehending Land Use Change in the Loess Hills Region
Regional land use change has important implications for ecosystems and the local human population. Metropolitan areas (MAs) are placing increasing emphasis on amenities and the environment when seeking to attract high income workers and their employers. Our interest is in characterizing land use change in Iowaâs Loess Hills Ecoregion (ILHE) that skirts both Sioux City and Council Bluffs MAs. ILHE is a distinctive landform of silty soils up to 200 feet high that were wind deposited just east of the Missouri River floodplain. Covering about 0.7 million acres, the Loess hills stretch north about 200 miles (usually no wider than 15 miles) from Holt County, Missouri, to Plymouth County, Iowa and are largely under private ownership. Although the soils are rich, cultivation has been difficult so that the region contains more than 50 percent of Iowaâs remnant prairie. However, technologies that allow cropping on steeply sloped and highly erodible terrains, increasing agricultural prices, and pressure for urban development have led to concerns about habitat loss conversion and fragmentation (Farnsworth et al. 2010)
Land Use Change and Policy in Iowaâs Loess Hills
We consider land use change in Iowaâs Loess Hills, which contain much of the stateâs remaining prairie grassland. Although crop production has expanded on the landform since 2005, much of this expansion has been from soybean into corn with a clear trend toward more intensive corn rotations. Forest land has expanded in the area while we do not find evidence of extensive conversion to development. Data indicate that crop production has moved away from more heavily sloped land, but the increase in cropping does not appear to be occurring on land with high crop productivity
Varför lyckas vissa chefer bĂ€ttre Ă€n andra? â En studie av arbetsklimatanalysen pĂ„ âTillverka ABâ
Personalen Àr den frÀmsta tillgÄngen för flertalet, om inte alla, organisationer idag. Detta
innebÀr att arbetsmiljö och trivsel pÄ arbetsplatsen blir vÀldigt viktigt för ett företags
prestationer. För att mĂ€ta hur nöjda medarbetarna Ă€r genomför vĂ„r uppdragsgivare âTillverka
ABâ Ă„rligen en arbetsklimatsanalys (AKA) i hela organisationen. (Företaget Ă€r ett
internationellt tillverkande företag som önskade att behÄlla sitt riktiga namn anonymt.) VÄra
kontaktpersoner pÄ företaget önskade att vi skulle undersöka AKA-processen hos
produktionschefer (verkstadsanstÀlldas nÀrmaste överordnade) för att se vilka faktorer som
pÄverkar produktionschefernas och deras respektive avdelningars AKA-resultat. UtifrÄn
uppdraget formulerade vi vÄr forskningsfrÄga: Hur kan produktionscheferna pÄ Tillverka AB
arbeta för att förbÀttra sina AKA-resultat?
VÄrt mÄl var att besvara denna frÄga genom att lyfta fram och analysera eventuella skillnader
mellan produktionscheferna och arbetsgrupperna, dels i deras sÀtt att arbeta med AKAŽn och
dels i deras attityder gentemot denna. Vi fokuserade pÄ chefernas och de verkstadsanstÀlldas
lÀrande, utveckling och motivation dÄ vi ansÄg att dessa faktorer Àr direkt avgörande nÀr det
gÀller hur cheferna kan förbÀttra sina AKA-resultat. I teorikapitlet fokuserade vi exempelvis
pÄ teori som rör just lÀrande och kunskaps betydelse för organisationers utveckling. Vi
koncentrerade oss Àven pÄ teorier och studier om feedbackens och motivationens roll i en
individs lÀrande och utveckling, samt hinder mot detta. För att förstÄ attityder gentemot
AKAŽn valde vi ut motivationsteorier som fokuserar pÄ exempelvis anstÀlldas förvÀntningar
pÄ företaget samt vikten av att ledningens retorik ocksÄ avspeglas i den faktiska
verksamheten.
Vi genomförde intervjuer med sex produktionschefer och tvÄ till fyra verkstadsanstÀllda under
respektive chef. Urvalet gjorde vi genom att vÀlja ut de tre chefer som hade erhÄllit lÀgst
respektive högst resultat pÄ 2007 Ärs AKA. Mer precist delade vi in de sex
produktionscheferna och deras verkstadsanstÀllda i tvÄ grupper. I Grupp 1 ingick cheferna
med lÀgre resultat och i Grupp 2 ingick de med högre. Denna uppdelning efter AKA-resultat
anvÀndes genomgÄende under undersökningen.
Ser man till intervjufrÄgorna behandlade de arbetssÀtt med och attityd gentemot AKAŽn,
utvecklingsmöjligheter, feedback, kontakt med andra produktionschefer etcetera. Chefernas
och de anstÀlldas svar sammanstÀlldes i varsin tabell och utifrÄn dessa kunde sÄvÀl skillnader
som likheter mellan grupperna identifieras. De likheterna som kom fram rörde
utvecklingsmöjligheter, arbetssÀtt med AKAŽn samt bristande kommunikation mellan
produktionscheferna. De skillnader som kom fram var attityder och motivation gentemot
AKAŽn, uppfattningar om feedback, uppföljning av AKA-aktiviteter samt chefernas sÀtt att
hantera problem kring AKAÂŽn.
Av undersökningen kom vi fram till att cheferna i Grupp 2 lyckats bÀttre eftersom de Àr mer
angelÀgna om att hitta tid till uppföljning av aktiviteterna, Àven under tidspress. De ser ocksÄ
större betydelse i AKA-aktiviteterna jÀmfört med Grupp 1. UtifrÄn undersökningen anser vi
att Tillverka AB dÀrför borde uppmÀrksamma uppföljningen av aktiviteterna i större
utstrÀckning. Vi kom ocksÄ fram till att det Àr dÄlig kommunikation mellan fabrikerna vilket
hindrar spridning av viktig kunskap om arbetet med AKAÂŽn â nĂ„got som skulle kunna hjĂ€lpa
cheferna att förbÀttra sina AKA-resultat. VÄr rekommendation blir dÀrför att skapa forum dÀr
erfarenheter kan utbytas mellan cheferna. Resultatet visade ocksÄ att mÄnga
verkstadsanstÀllda angav att AKAŽn inte ger dem nÄgot, vilket skulle kunna bero pÄ att deras
förvÀntningar pÄ AKAŽn och aktiviteterna Àr för höga. Chefen mÄste dÀrmed vara tydlig med
vilken nivÄ AKA-aktiviteterna ligger pÄ och att förvÀntningarna ska anpassas till avdelningen.
Avslutningsvis visade studien att det fanns negativa attityder till AKAŽn i bÄda grupperna
men frÀmst i Grupp 1. VÄr uppfattning Àr att cheferna i Grupp 2 har en mer positiv attityd och
pÄ sÄ sÀtt skapar bÀttre förutsÀttningarna för att nÄ högre AKA-resultat. VÄr rekommendation
Àr sÄledes att företaget skapar mer uppmÀrksamhet kring produktionschefernas arbete med
AKAŽn för att skapa motivation och Ätagande, och pÄ sÄ sÀtt försöka förÀndra chefernas
attityder till den
Data Analysis Techniques for Fan Performance in Highly-Distorted Flows from Boundary Layer Ingesting Inlets
The design of a unique distortion-tolerant fan for a high-bypass ratio boundary-layer ingesting propulsion system has been completed and a rig constructed and tested in the NASA Glenn 8x6 wind tunnel. Processing the data from the experiment presented some interesting challenges because of the complexity of the experimental setup and the flow through the test rig. The experiment was run in three phases, each of which employed a unique complement of inlet throat and fan face instrumentation to avoid the blockage that would have resulted from simultaneously installing all of the rakes. The measurement from the individual test points were subsequently combined to compute the overall stage performance. A CFD model of the experiment was used to gain understanding of the flow field and to test some of the techniques proposed for interpolating and extrapolating the measurements into regions where measurements were not made. This capability became extremely useful when it was discovered that there was an unexpected total temperature distortion in the tunnel. The CFD model was modified by inserting a total temperature profile at the upstream boundary that mimicked the measured distortion where measurements were available and that CFD solution was used to investigate methods to infer the complete total temperature field at the fan face
The Farmer and the Rancher
Vast, dry, and flat. The Great Plains of the continental US stretch from the foot of the Rockies through to the grasslands by the Mississippi, as far north as Canada and as far south as Texas. Covering 1.3 million square kilometres (a size roughly equivalent to Peru), it is renowned for being an immense expanse of farms and paddocks, with a tree, a creek or a town thrown in for variety every so often
Land Use Change and Policy in Iowaâs Loess Hills
Land use changes have important implications on ecosystems and society. Detailed identification of the nature of land use changes in any local region is critical for policy design. In this paper, we quantify land use change in Iowaâs Loess Hills ecoregion, which contains much of the stateâs remaining prairie grasslands. We employ two distinct panel datasets, the National Resource Inventory data and multi-year Cropland Data Layers, that allow us to characterize spatially-explicit land use change in the region over the period 1982-2010. We analyze land use trends, land use transitions and crop rotations within the ecoregion, and contrast these with county and state-level changes. To better comprehend the underlying land use changes, we evaluate our land use characterizing metrics conditional on soil quality variables such as slope and erodibility. We also consider the role of contemporary agricultural policy and commodity markets to seek explanations for land use changes during the period of our study. Although crop production has expanded on the Loess Hills landform since 2005, much of the expansion in corn acres has been from reduced soybean acreage. We find that out of the total 258 km2 increase in corn acreage during 2005-â10, about 100 km2 transitioned from soybeans. Data also indicate intensifying monoculture with higher percentage of corn plantings for two to four consecutive years during 2000-â10. In addition, crop production is found to have moved away from more heavily sloped land. Cropping does not appear to have increased on lands with higher crop productivity
Management practices, workforce selection and productivity
Recent research suggests that much of the cross-firm variation in measured productivity is due to differences in use of advanced management practices. Many of these practices â including monitoring, goal setting, and the use of incentives â are mediated through employee decision-making and effort. To the extent that these practices are complementary with workersâ skills, better-managed firms will tend to recruit higher-ability workers and adopt pay practices to retain these employees. We use a unique data set that combines detailed survey data on the management practices of German manufacturing firms with longitudinal earnings records for their employees to study the relationship between productivity, management, worker ability, and pay. As documented by Bloom and Van Reenen (2007) there is a strong partial correlation between management practice scores and firm-level productivity in Germany. In our preferred TFP estimates only a small fraction of this correlation is explained by the higher human capital of the average employee at better-managed firms. A larger share (about 13%) is attributable to the human capital of the highest-paid workers, a group we interpret as representing the managers of the firm. And a similar amount is mediated through the pay premiums offered by better-managed firms. Looking at employee inflows and outflows, we confirm that better-managed firms systematically recruit and retain workers with higher average human capital. Overall, we conclude that workforce selection and positive pay premiums explain just under 30% of the measured impact of management practices on productivity in German manufacturing
Estimating Sensitive Behavior: The ICT and High-Incidence Electoral Behavior
Funding This work is supported by the Austrian National Election Study, a National Research Network sponsored by the Austrian Science Fund (S10902-G11). Acknowledgments The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive feedback and Graeme Blair and Kosuke Imai for their helpful support.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
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