Embodying labor, then and now

In her introduction to the new edition of Women on the Line, first published in 1982, Miriam Glucksmann notes that it had been written well before the body and embodiment had become an explicit focus of studies of work and employment. However, rereading Women on the Line reminds us that ethnographers have long paid attention to the embodied aspects of work, although few of them have written about them as eloquently as Glucksmann. In the original volume she was able to articulate how it felt to experience herself in relation to her environment, a phenomenological perspective made possible by her adoption of an autoethnographic writing style (a strategy linked to her rejection both of a narrowly academic approach and, in consequence, of the disembodied authorial voice that tended to go with it). Perhaps another reason why Glucksmann was able to write about her working on the line with such sensitivity to the embodiment of the experience is that she was new to assembly line work, so the embodied routines of factory life had not yet been submerged below the level of conscious articulation. It is useful therefore to summarize what she had to say and to think about how we can build on it

A phenotype of resiliency? cross-sectional psychobiological differences between caregivers who are vulnerable vs. resilient to depression, and controls

Introduction: Being a caregiver of chronically ill children is a source of chronic-psychological stress affecting general physical and mental health. However, there is tremendous variance among caregivers: some may develop stress-related depression, whereas others are more “resilient”. The objective of the study was to phenotypically differentiate on psychobiology caregivers who developed depressive symptoms (“vulnerable”) vs. those who did not (“resilient”) from each other and from age-matched controls. Methods: Forty-five mothers of chronically-ill children and 18 controls have been examined. Caregivers were divided via a median split of Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale scores in “resilient” (RCs) and “vulnerable” (VCs). We assessed cognitive, affective, metabolic, neuroendocrine and oxidative markers at rest and in response to a laboratory social stressor. ANCOVAs and Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to examine between-group differences. Results: Although RCs compared to VCs had similar levels of objective parenting-related burden (P = 0.51), they had lower subjective distress (P < 0.01) and higher levels of positive affect (P = 0.04). Although RCs compared to controls had higher levels of objective parenting-related burden (P = 0.04), they had greater cortisol suppression post-dexamethasone (P = 0.05), lower F2-isoprostanes/vitamin E ratio (P < 0.01) and lower fasting insulin levels (P = 0.06). Discussion: Our results suggest that caregivers with higher resiliency demonstrate more salutary stress-related functioning in comparison with less resilient caregivers and, more surprisingly, non-caregiver controls. These findings might be interpreted in the spirit of Nietzsche's quote “What does not kill me, makes me stronger” and of the idea that successfully overcoming adversity may be more psychobiologically beneficial than not having been exposed to any adversity

Neuroscience-informed Auditory Training in Schizophrenia: A Final Report of the Effects on Cognition and Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor.

ObjectiveWe previously reported the interim effects in a per protocol analysis of a randomized controlled trial of an innovative neuroscience-informed computerized cognitive training approach in schizophrenia. Here we report the effects of training on behavioral outcome measures in our final sample using an intent-to-treat analysis. We also report the effects on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).MethodEighty-seven clinically stable participants with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to either targeted auditory training (AT, N=46) or a computer games control condition (CG, N=41). Participants were assessed on neurocognition, symptoms and functional outcome at baseline and after 50 hours of intervention delivered over 10 weeks. Serum BDNF was assessed at baseline, at 2 weeks, and at 10 weeks.ResultsAfter the intervention, AT participants showed significant gains in global cognition, speed of processing, verbal learning, and verbal memory, relative to CG participants, with no changes in symptoms or functioning. At baseline, schizophrenia participants had significantly lower-than-normal serum BDNF. AT participants showed a significant increase in serum BDNF compared to CG participants, and "normalized" levels by post training.ConclusionsParticipants with chronic schizophrenia made significant cognitive gains after 50 hours of intensive computerized training delivered as a stand-alone treatment, but no improvement in symptoms or functioning. Serum BDNF levels were significantly increased, and may serve as a peripheral biomarker for the effects of training. Future research must focus on: 1) Methods of integrating cognitive training with psychosocial treatments; 2) A deeper understanding of underlying neurophysiology in order to enhance critical mechanisms of action

Evaluating Common Item Block Options when Faced with Practical Constraints

This study evaluates the impact of common item characteristics on the outcome of equating in credentialing examinations when traditionally recommended representation is not possible. This research used real data sets from several credentialing exams to test the impact of content representation, item statistics, and number of common items on equating results. The results of this research suggests that it may not be necessary to have a common item block that is strictly proportional in content or difficulty to the entire exam if the exam is unidimensional. The results also suggest that it may be beneficial to use all common items between two forms for equating instead of focusing on a smaller anchor block. Accessed 2,858 times on https://pareonline.net from September 30, 2015 to December 31, 2019. For downloads from January 1, 2020 forward, please click on the PlumX Metrics link to the right

A Method for Converting 4-Option Multiple-Choice Items to 3-Option Multiple-Choice Items Without Re-Pretesting

The purpose of this study is to introduce a method for converting scored 4-option multiple-choice (MC) items into scored 3-option MC items without re-pretesting the 3-option MC items. This study describes a six-step process for achieving this goal. Data from a professional credentialing exam was used in this study and the method was applied to 24 forms of the exam. The results found 100% accuracy in predicting the rounded passing score for all forms

Of sound mind and body: depression, disease, and accelerated aging

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with a high rate of developing serious medical comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, dementia, osteoporosis, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. These are conditions that typically occur late in life, and it has been suggested that MDD may be associated with “accelerated aging.” We review several moderators and mediators that may accompany MDD and that may give rise to these comorbid medical conditions. We first review the moderating effects of psychological styles of coping, genetic predisposition, and epigenetic modifications (eg, secondary to childhood adversity). We then focus on several interlinked mediators occurring in MDD (or at least in subtypes of MDD) that may contribute to the medical comorbidity burden and to accelerated aging: limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis alterations, diminution in glucocorticoid receptor function, altered glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, excitotoxicity, increases in intracellular calcium, oxidative stress, a proinflammatory milieu, lowered levels of “counter-regulatory” neurosteroids (such as allopregnanolone and dehydroepiandrosterone), diminished neurotrophic activity, and accelerated cell aging, manifest as alterations in telomerase activity and as shortening of telomeres, which can lead to apoptosis and cell death. In this model, MDD is characterized by a surfeit of potentially destructive mediators and an insufficiency of protective or restorative ones. These factors interact in increasing the likelihood of physical disease and of accelerated aging at the cellular level. We conclude with suggestions for novel mechanism-based therapeutics based on these mediators

Women's solidarity – and divisions among women

SUMMARY This article highlights the importance of understanding the dynamics of commonality and conflicts of interest among women for researchers grass roots activists and policy makers. Women do not constitute a homogeneous category and class divisions as well as defferences arising from hierarchy in kinship networks may in certain contexts be crucial perimeters for both research and development project design. RESUMEN Solidaridad y divisiones entre las mujeres Este articulo destaca la importancia de la comprensión de la dinamica de los conflíctos e intereses comunes existentes entre las mujeres, por parte de investigadores, activtivistas de base y elaboradores de politica. Las mujeres no constituyen una categoria homogènea y en ciertos contextos las divisiones de clase y la jerarquía imperante en las redes de relaciones pueden ser ámbitos cruciales, tanto para los investigadores como para los diseñadores de proyectos de desarrollo. RESUMES La Solídarité entre les femmes — et les divisions parmi les femmes Cet article souligne l'importance de comprendre, pour les chercheurs, les activistes de base et les políticiens, la dynamique de la communauté et les conflits d'intérét parmi les femmes. Les femmes ne constituent pas une catégorie homogéne et les divisions de classe aussi bien que les différences provenant de la hiérarchie dans les réseaux de parenté peuvent étre dans certains contextes des perimètres cruciaux pour les chercheurs et les projets de développement

Lasting impressions: ethnic food tour guides, body work, race and gender in southwestern Sydney, Australia

In this paper we examine the racialized and gendered body work required of guides leading ethnic food tours in southwestern Sydney, Australia. We draw on theorists who examine the materialization of race and bodies to extend concepts of intimacy, vulnerability and proximity: dominant themes in studies of occupations involving ‘body work’. To date, very few studies of tour guides have examined the embodied interactions required by the work of guides. Using Ahmed's concepts of inter–embodiment and impressions, we stress that racialized bodies need to be understood as materializing in body work. In particular, we show how body work on the tours includes smiling, vocalization and shepherding and can be understood as contact with the Other. Our paper contributes to the literature on bodily interactions at work in three core ways: first, adding original empirical work on ethnic tour guiding, second, by showing how ‘body work’ is racialized and gendered, and finally, by exploring the relations between food and multicultural intimacies and the vulnerabilities of racialized bodies

Is socioeconomic status associated with biological aging as measured by telomere length?

It has been hypothesized that one way in which lower socioeconomic status (SES) affects health is by increasing the rate of biological aging. A widely used marker of biological aging is telomere length. Telomeres are structures at the ends of chromosomes that erode with increasing cell proliferation and genetic damage. We aimed to identify, through systematic review and meta-analysis, whether lower SES (greater deprivation) is associated with shorter telomeres. Thirty-one articles, including 29 study populations, were identified. We conducted 3 meta-analyses to compare the telomere lengths of persons of high and low SES with regard to contemporaneous SES (12 study populations from 10 individual articles), education (15 study populations from 14 articles), and childhood SES (2 study populations from 2 articles). For education, there was a significant difference in telomere length between persons of high and low SES in a random-effects model (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.060, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.002, 0.118; P = 0.042), although a range of sensitivity analyses weakened this association. There was no evidence for an association between telomere length and contemporaneous SES (SMD = 0.104, 95% CI: −0.027, 0.236; P = 0.119) or childhood SES (SMD = −0.037, 95% CI: −0.143, 0.069; P = 0.491). These results suggest weak evidence for an association between SES (as measured by education) and biological aging (as measured by telomere length), although there was a lack of consistent findings across the SES measures investigated here