Brandom, Sellars und der "Mythos des Gegebenen"

R. Brandoms originärer Beitrag liegt nicht auf dem Feld der\ud Theorie des Wissens. Furore machte er mit dem wirklich\ud zu Ende gedachten Ansatz einer inferentiellen Semantik,\ud den er 1994 in Making it Explicit vorlegte. Er verkoppelt\ud darin den Grundgedanken einer inferentiellen Gliederung\ud propositionaler (begrifflicher) Gehalte mit der Idee einer\ud sozialen Gliederung derjenigen Praktiken, mittels derer wir\ud unsere Wissensansprüche argumentativ einlösen, indem\ud wir sie in geeignete Inferenzen einbauen. Der semantische\ud Inferentialismus läuft auf eine anti-fundationalistische\ud Theorie des Wissens hinaus. Um dennoch Raum für\ud basale, nichtinferentielle Meinungen zu schaffen, weicht\ud Brandom auf verlässlichkeitsorientierte Überlegungen aus.\ud Der Schritt in den epistemischen Externalismus ist jedoch\ud schwer mit dem Internalismus in Bezug auf Rechtfertigung\ud in Einklang zu bringen, der den kommunikativen Praktiken\ud des Gebens und Verlangens von Gründen ihre Pointe\ud verleiht. Im Folgenden möchte ich zuerst die Zwänge\ud aufzeigen, die Brandom zu seiner Revision auf dem Gebiet\ud der Theorie des Wissens führte, um dann (zweitens)\ud die tiefer liegenden Gründe zu beleuchten, die zu dieser\ud Revision nötigten und die man bei Sellars nachlesen kann,\ud um dann (drittens) eine Lösung vorzuschlagen, die sich\ud der gemäßigten Spielart einer traditionelleren Denkrichtung,\ud dem Fundationalismus, wie ihn beispielsweise R.\ud Audi vertritt, annähert

Memory effects of raw materials in glass melts Raman spectroscopy investigations of glass defects

The present work is based on investigations of aluminum oxide containing lead glasses. The aim was to decrease the costs in the production of lead glass by addition of alkalis other than potassium and soda. Feldspar and nepheline from different sources were employed. During the melting process inhomogeneities, cords, knots and blisters arise the origin of which could be detected by means of Raman spectroscopic measurement on the glasses. This could be achieved also for very tiny inclusions, where other methods such as light microscopy fall. Only results which can be generalized are considered in this work. Raman spectroscopy has proven to be an excellent method to determine the contents of gas bubbles by means of the rotational spectra of the gases or espectively to trace structural changes back from the mineral to the homogeneous glass via the vibrational spectra of the solids. Thus, the development within a cord can be demonstrated and the origin of knots can be explained. The use of this method in explaining defects, taking aluminum oxide containing lead glasses as an example, is presented by various investigations. The structural inhomogeneities in the glasses may be traced back to their origins. i.e., the glasses "have a memory" of their raw materials

Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of the Patient-Reported Outcome Measures PRO-CTCAE and CAT EORTC QLQ-C30 in Major Abdominal Cancer Surgery (PATRONUS): A Student-Initiated German Medical Audit (SIGMA) Study

Background!#!The patient-reported outcomes (PRO) version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE) and the computerized adaptive testing (CAT) version of the EORTC quality-of-life questionnaire QLQ-C30 have been proposed as new PRO measures in oncology; however, their implementation in patients undergoing cancer surgery has not yet been evaluated.!##!Methods!#!Patients undergoing elective abdominal cancer surgery were enrolled in a prospective multicenter study, and postoperative complications were recorded according to the Dindo-Clavien classification. Patients reported PRO data using the CAT EORTC QLQ-C30 and the PRO-CTCAE to measure 12 core cancer symptoms. Patients were followed-up for 6 months postoperatively. The study was carried out by medical students of the CHIR-Net SIGMA study network.!##!Results!#!Data of 303 patients were obtained and analyzed across 15 sites. PRO-CTCAE symptoms 'poor appetite', 'fatigue', 'exhaustion' and 'sleeping problems' increased after surgery and climaxed 10-30 days postoperatively. At 3-6 months postoperatively, no PRO-CTCAE symptom differed significantly to baseline. Patients reported higher 'social functioning' (p = 0.021) and overall quality-of-life scores (p < 0.05) 6 months after cancer surgery compared with the baseline level. There was a lack of correlation between postoperative complications or death and any of the PRO items evaluated. Feasibility endpoints for student-led research were met.!##!Conclusion!#!The two novel PRO questionnaires were successfully applied in surgical oncology. Postoperative complications do not affect health-reported quality-of-life or common cancer symptoms following major cancer surgery. The feasibility of student-led multicenter clinical research was demonstrated, but might be enhanced by improved student training