The family and community lives of older people after the second world war: new evidence from York

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Indigenous women's experiences of diabetes in pregnancy: A thematic synthesis

Background: Indigenous women's voices are largely silent in the literature because of a lack of opportunity to share their experiences and understandings of diabetes in pregnancy (DiP). Aim: To synthesise qualitative literature describing the experiences of Indigenous women with DiP. Methods: A librarian assisted, systematic search was conducted across CINAHL, EMBASE, Global Health, Medline, ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus and the Web of Science databases. International, peer reviewed studies published in English, between the years 1999 and 2019 that explored Indigenous women's experiences of DiP were sought. Thirteen papers were coded for recurring patterns and conceptual overlaps and synthesised into themes. Findings: Analysis revealed four themes: ‘Poverty and Vulnerability: Colonisation's Legacy’; ‘Contradictions and Confusion: Understandings of DiP’; ‘Shame and Blame: Experiences with Health Professionals’; and, ‘Community and Care: Cultural Constructions of Health’. Discussion: This review has revealed similar concerns and experiences of DiP among Indigenous women across communities in Canada, Alaska, the United States and Aotearoa New Zealand. To work with and effectively engage with Indigenous women, requires a shift from focusing on individual behaviours, to recognising and including cultural strengths, and addressing structural inequity in relation to healthcare. Conclusion: This review has resulted in a call to action for researchers to work collaboratively with Indigenous communities to co-design culturally safe, appropriate, and relevant policies, programs, models of care and educational materials with Indigenous women

Morphological features of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) as revealed by various microscopies

Nine halloysites (HNTs) have been examined by SEM, AFM and (cross sectional) TEM to evaluate details of their external and internal morphologies. The samples span morphologies within the cylindrical to prismatic-polygonal framework proposed by Hillier et al., (2016). The ‘carpet role’ model assumed in the conceptualization of most technological applications of HNTs is shown to be far too simplistic. Both cylindrical and prismatic forms have abundant edge steps traversing their surfaces which by analogy with plates of kaolinite correspond to prism faces. The mean value for the diameter of the central lumen of the tubes is 12 nm. Numerous slit-like nano pores, with diameters up to 18 nm also occur between packets of layers, particularly in prismatic forms at the junction between a central cylindrical core and outer packets of planar layers. These pores expose aluminol and silanol surfaces, but unlike the lumen, which is assumed only to expose an aluminol surface, they do not extend along the entire length of the nanotube. Edge steps seen most clearly by AFM correspond in height to the packets of layers seen in TEM. TEM cross sections suggest that tube growth occurs by accretion of a spiralled thickening wedge of layers evolving from cylindrical to polygonal form and reveal that planar sectors may be joined by either abrupt angular junctions or by short sections of curved layers. A more realistic model of the internal and external morphologies of HNTs is proposed to assist with understanding of the behaviour of HNTs in technological applications

Aqueous-Phase Secondary Organic Aerosol and Organosulfate Formation in Atmospheric Aerosols: A Modeling Study

We have examined aqueous-phase secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and organosulfate (OS) formation in atmospheric aerosols using a photochemical box model with coupled gas-phase chemistry and detailed aqueous aerosol chemistry. SOA formation in deliquesced ammonium sulfate aerosol is highest under low-NO<i>_x</i> conditions, with acidic aerosol (pH = 1) and low ambient relative humidity (40%). Under these conditions, with an initial sulfate loading of 4.0 μg m^–3, 0.9 μg m^–3 SOA is predicted after 12 h. Low-NO<i>_x</i> aqueous-aerosol SOA (aaSOA) and OS formation is dominated by isoprene-derived epoxydiol (IEPOX) pathways; 69% or more of aaSOA is composed of IEPOX, 2-methyltetrol, and 2-methyltetrol sulfate ester. 2-Methyltetrol sulfate ester comprises >99% of OS mass (66 ng m^–3 at 40% RH and pH 1). In urban (high-NO_<i>x</i>) environments, aaSOA is primarily formed via reversible glyoxal uptake, with 0.12 μg m^–3 formed after 12 h at 80% RH, with 20 μg m^–3 initial sulfate. OS formation under all conditions studied is maximum at low pH and lower relative humidities (<60% RH), i.e., when the aerosol is more concentrated. Therefore, OS species are expected to be good tracer compounds for aqueous aerosol-phase chemistry (vs cloudwater processing)

A unified call to action from Australian Nursing and Midwifery leaders: ensuring that Black Lives Matter

Nurses and midwives of Australia now is the time for change! As powerfully placed, Indigenous and non-Indigenous nursing and midwifery professionals, together we can ensure an effective and robust Indigenous curriculum in our nursing and midwifery schools of education. Today, Australia finds itself in a shifting tide of social change, where the voices for better and safer health care ring out loud. Voices for justice, equity and equality reverberate across our cities, our streets, homes, and institutions of learning. It is a call for new songlines of reform. The need to embed meaningful Indigenous health curricula is stronger now than it ever was for Australian nursing and midwifery. It is essential that nursing and midwifery leadership continue to build an authentic collaborative environment for Indigenous curriculum development. Bipartisan alliance is imperative for all academic staff to be confident in their teaching and learning experiences with Indigenous health syllabus. This paper is a call out. Now is the time for Indigenous and non-Indigenous nurses and midwives to make a stand together, for justice and equity in our teaching, learning, and practice. Together we will dismantle systems, policy, and practices in health that oppress. The Black Lives Matter movement provides us with a ‘now window’ of accepted dialogue to build a better, culturally safe Australian nursing and midwifery workforce, ensuring that Black Lives Matter in all aspects of health care