Distance measures in gravitational-wave astrophysics and cosmology

We present quantities which characterize the sensitivity of gravitational-wave observatories to sources at cosmological distances. In particular, we introduce and generalize the horizon, range, response, and reach distances. These quantities incorporate a number of important effects, including cosmologically well-defined distances and volumes, cosmological redshift, cosmological time dilation, and rate density evolution. In addition, these quantities incorporate unique aspects of gravitational wave detectors, such as the variable sky sensitivity of the detectors and the scaling of the sensitivity with inverse distance. An online calculator (https://users.rcc.uchicago.edu/~dholz/gwc/) and python notebook (https://github.com/hsinyuc/distancetool) to determine GW distances are available. We provide answers to the question: "How far can gravitational-wave detectors hear?

Proceso Heterogéneo Simil Fenton (PHeSF) aplicado al tratamiento de efluentes líquidos industriales

Los procesos industriales emplean importantes volúmenes de agua, peroc cuando se descartan los efluentes líquidos residuales no siempre está garantizada que en la eliminación no se incorporen compuestos recalcitrantes y/o tóxicos en las aguas superficiales y subterráneas. Los Procesos de Oxidación Avanzada (POAs) brindan una herramienta muy dúctil para abatir la materia orgánica presente hasta CO2 y H2O, mediante la generación del potente radical hidroxilo (*OH). Sin embargo, el Proceso Homogéneo Fenton (PHF) presenta algunos inconvenientes en su implementación a escala industrial que se evitan cuando se utilizan óxidos de Fe como catalizador, dando origen de este modo al Proceso Heterogéneo Símil Fenton (PHeSF). Con este objetivo se obtuvieron muestras de efluente industrial en 60 establecimientos. Se determinó la Demanda Química de Oxígeno (DQO) inicial y final para luego calcular el porcentaje de abatimiento. Finalizado el tratamiento, todos los efluentes alcanzaron un porcentaje de abatimiento superior al 80%, con excepción de la producción de Laboratorios de Medicina Humana (LMH) y Lavaderos Industriales (LIN) que presentaron un valor de abatimiento del 73%. El tratamiento de efluentes mediante el uso de PHeSF ha probado ser muy eficiente para distintos tipos de industrias. El método resultó efectivo para valores de DQO inicial de hasta aproximadamente 25.000 mg/L. Este sistema propone una alternativa de sencilla implementación para el tratamiento de de residuos líquidos de modo más acabado y limpio, qu contribuye a disminuir la progresiva contaminación ambiental generada por los efluentes líquidos industriales.processes use large volumes of water, but when the liquid effluents are discarded waste is not always guaranteed that not removing recalcitrant and/or toxic compounds, so, they will be incorporated into surface water and groundwater. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) provide a very ductile tool to bring down the organic matter to CO2 and H2O by generating potent hydroxyl radical (●OH). However, the Process Homogeneous Fenton (PHF) has disadvantages in industrial-scale implementation avoided where Fe oxides are used as catalyst, giving rise thereby to Heterogeneous Fenton Process Simile (HeFPS). With this objective, industrial effluent samples from 60 establishments were obtained. The start and end value of the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were determined and then the percentage of abatement was calculated. After treatment, all effluent reached a percentage of abatement more than 80 %, except for the production of Human Medicine Laboratory (HML) and Industrial Laundries (INL) that had a value of 73 % abatement. Wastewater treatment using HeFPS has proven very efficient for various types of industries. The method was effective for initial COD values up to about 25,000 mg / L. This system proposes a simple alternative implementation for the treatment of liquid waste more cleanly finished and that contributes to the progressive decrease environmental pollution caused by industrial effluents. Keywords: AOPs, liquid effluents, heterogeneous Fenton.Fil: Bernatene, Eduardo Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Endler, Daniel. Barrozero; ArgentinaFil: Vitale, Arturo Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; Argentin

Layer-specific developmentally precise axon targeting of transient Suppressed-by-Contrast retinal ganglion cells (tSbC RGCs)

The mouse retina encodes diverse visual features in the spike trains of \u3e40 retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types. Each RGC type innervates a specific subset of the \u3e50 retinorecipient brain areas. Our catalog of RGC types and feature representations is nearing completion. Yet, we know little about where specific RGC types send their information. Furthermore, the developmental strategies by which RGC axons choose their targets and pattern their terminal arbors remain obscure. Here, we identify a genetic intersection

Prospects for doubling the range of Advanced LIGO

In the coming years, the gravitational wave community will be optimizing detector performance for a variety of astrophysical sources that make competing demands on the detector sensitivity in different frequency bands. In this paper we describe a number of technologies that are being developed as anticipated upgrades to the Advanced LIGO detector, and quantify the potential sensitivity improvement they offer. Specifically, we consider squeezed light injection for reduction of quantum noise, detector design and materials changes which reduce thermal noise, and mirrors with significantly increased mass. We explore how each of these technologies impacts the detection of the most promising gravitational wave sources, and suggest an effective progression of upgrades which culminate in a factor of two broadband sensitivity improvement

OBSERVATIONAL SELECTION EFFECTS WITH GROUND-BASED GRAVITATIONAL WAVE DETECTORS

Ground-based interferometers are not perfect all-sky instruments, and it is important to account for their behavior when considering the distribution of detected events. In particular, the LIGO detectors are most sensitive to sources above North America and the Indian Ocean, and as the Earth rotates, the sensitive regions are swept across the sky. However, because the detectors do not acquire data uniformly over time, there is a net bias on detectable sources' right ascensions. Both LIGO detectors preferentially collect data during their local night; it is more than twice as likely to be local midnight than noon when both detectors are operating. We discuss these selection effects and how they impact LIGO's observations and electromagnetic (EM) follow-up. Beyond galactic foregrounds associated with seasonal variations, we find that equatorial observatories can access over 80% of the localization probability, while mid-latitudes will access closer to 70%. Facilities located near the two LIGO sites can observe sources closer to their zenith than their analogs in the south, but the average observation will still be no closer than 44° from zenith. We also find that observatories in Africa or the South Atlantic will wait systematically longer before they can begin observing compared to the rest of the world; though, there is a preference for longitudes near the LIGOs. These effects, along with knowledge of the LIGO antenna pattern, can inform EM follow-up activities and optimization, including the possibility of directing observations even before gravitational-wave events occur.National Science Foundation (U.S.)Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observator

Juzgados de Garantías como efectores de reconocimiento de derechos

Nos encontramos en un contexto extremadamente excepcional frente a las restricciones, dificultades y pérdidas que la pandemia COVID-19 sigue esparciendo sobre la sociedad global, sin solución de continuidad. Estamos involucrados directa o indirectamente con los padecimientos que provoca esta crisis humanitaria. Y, a su vez, desde nuestra posición de relativo privilegio, considerando que el servicio de justicia es esencial para la vida democrática de nuestra sociedad, entendemos que no debemos cejar en los esfuerzos tendientes a su optimización, procurando mejorar la calidad con la que respondemos cotidianamente, a la demanda social de justicia. En una conversación informal con una funcionaria judicial de otro departamento judicial de nuestra provincia, surgió el comentario sobre la resolución en la cual decidimos la realización del juicio por la verdad89, en cuanto a que había sido dictada el 29 de mayo de 2020, es decir, “en plena pandemia”, según expresó la interlocutora, con cierta sorpresa. Me pareció una descripción muy gráfica de la manera con la que llevamos adelante nuestra tarea, en la que, si bien la urgencia es prioritaria, entendemos también impostergables aquellos debates sobre las cuestiones que carecen de respuestas judiciales adecuadas a los intereses puestos en tensión.Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y SocialesFacultad de Trabajo Socia

Organic Geochemistry of Earth's Upper Mantle Fluids

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Kernel-Partial Least Squares regression coupled to pseudo-sample trajectories for the analysis of mixture designs of experiments

[EN] This article explores the potential of Kernel-Partial Least Squares (K-PLS) regression for the analysis of data proceeding from mixture designs of experiments. Gower's idea of pseudo-sample trajectories is exploited for interpretation purposes. The results show that, when the datasets under study are affected by severe nonlinearities and comprise few observations, the proposed approach can represent a feasible lternative to classical methodologies (i.e. Scheffe polynomial fitting by means of Ordinary Least Squares - OLS - and Cox polynomial fitting by means of Partial Least Squares - PLS). Furthermore, a way of recovering the parameters of a Scheffe model (provided that it holds and has the same complexity as the K-PLS one) from the trend of the aforementioned pseudo-sample trajectories is illustrated via a simulated case-study.This research work was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under the project DPI2014-55276-C5-1R and Shell Global Solutions International B.V. (Amsterdam, The Netherlands).Vitale, R.; Palací-López, DG.; Kerkenaar, H.; Postma, G.; Buydens, L.; Ferrer, A. (2018). Kernel-Partial Least Squares regression coupled to pseudo-sample trajectories for the analysis of mixture designs of experiments. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems. 175:37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2018.02.002S374617

Lasing modes in ZnO nanowires coupled to planar metals

Semiconductor nanowire lasers can be subject to modifications of their lasing threshold resulting from a variation of their environment. A promising choice is to use metallic substrates to gain access to low-volume Surface-Plasmon-Polariton (SPP) modes. We introduce a simple, yet quantitatively precise model that can serve to describe mode competition in nanowire lasers on metallic substrates. We show that an aluminum substrate can decrease the lasing threshold for ZnO nanowire lasers while for a silver substrate, the threshold increases compared with a dielectric substrate. Generalizing from these findings, we make predictions describing the interaction between planar metals and semiconductor nanowires, which allow to guide future improvements of highly-integrated laser sources