Application of Halon 1301 to the Prevention of or Extinguishment of Aerozine -50 Fires

An investigation was conducted into the possibility of using Halon 1301 (bromotrifluoromethane) to inert enclosed, personnel-occupied spaces where spills of Aerozine-50 might occur. The effectiveness of this agent in extinguishing Aerozine-50 fires was also investigated. The concentrations of Halon 1301 required to inert Aerozine-50 vapor-air mixtures depended upon the fuel vapor concentration; except at very high fuel concentration, the amount required was always less than that for nitrogen. High concentrations of Halon 1301 are required to extinguish Aerozine-50 fires, and extinguishment appears possible only during the early stages of burning, before the propellant becomes too concentrated in the high-boiling hydrazine component. There is no advantage in the simultaneous application of C02 and Halon 1301, but the concurrent application of H2O and Halon 1301 provides relatively easy extinguishment

Marine Biotoxins: Emergence of Harmful Algal Blooms as Health Threats to Marine Wildlife

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) affect aquatic ecosystems around the world, adversely affecting marine animal and human health, coastal ecosystem integrity, and economies that depend on coastal resources. Shellfish poisoning events involving humans who had ingested bivalves contaminated with HAB toxins primarily drove early scientific and social interest in HABs. More recently, research efforts have shown that HABs are often temporally and spatially correlated with the occurrence of acute morbidity or mortality of marine animals (Landsberg et al. 2005), and to date at least four classes of algal toxins have been associated with such events. Although fish, seabirds, and many other groups of marine wildlife are affected, these mortality events frequently involve marine mammals, and as such this chapter will focus primarily on the latter. In addition, since marine mammals are important sentinel species that act as barometers of ocean health and demonstrate the link between ocean and human health, the importance placed on these species in this context is warranted (Aguirre and Tabor 2004; Tabor and Aguirre 2004; Wells et al. 2004; Bossart 2006)

South Carolina\u27s Probability Based Approach for Assessing Water Quality and Estuarine Condition using Integrated Indices

2008 S.C. Water Resources Conference - Addressing Water Challenges Facing the State and Regio

Marine Biotoxins: Emergence of Harmful Algal Blooms as Health Threats to Marine Wildlife

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) affect aquatic ecosystems around the world, adversely affecting marine animal and human health, coastal ecosystem integrity, and economies that depend on coastal resources. Shellfish poisoning events involving humans who had ingested bivalves contaminated with HAB toxins primarily drove early scientific and social interest in HABs. More recently, research efforts have shown that HABs are often temporally and spatially correlated with the occurrence of acute morbidity or mortality of marine animals (Landsberg et al. 2005), and to date at least four classes of algal toxins have been associated with such events. Although fish, seabirds, and many other groups of marine wildlife are affected, these mortality events frequently involve marine mammals, and as such this chapter will focus primarily on the latter. In addition, since marine mammals are important sentinel species that act as barometers of ocean health and demonstrate the link between ocean and human health, the importance placed on these species in this context is warranted (Aguirre and Tabor 2004; Tabor and Aguirre 2004; Wells et al. 2004; Bossart 2006)

Offshore Earthquakes Do Not Influence Marine Mammal Stranding Risk on the Washington and Oregon Coasts

The causes of marine mammals stranding on coastal beaches are not well understood, but may relate to topography, currents, wind, water temperature, disease, toxic algal blooms, and anthropogenic activity. Offshore earthquakes are a source of intense sound and disturbance and could be a contributing factor to stranding probability. We tested the hypothesis that the probability of marine mammal stranding events on the coasts of Washington and Oregon, USA is increased by the occurrence of offshore earthquakes in the nearby Cascadia subduction zone. The analysis carried out here indicated that earthquakes are at most, a very minor predictor of either single, or large (six or more animals) stranding events, at least for the study period and location. We also tested whether earthquakes inhibit stranding and again, there was no link. Although we did not find a substantial association of earthquakes with strandings in this study, it is likely that there are many factors influencing stranding of marine mammals and a single cause is unlikely to be responsible. Analysis of a subset of data for which detailed descriptions were available showed that most live stranded animals were pups, calves, or juveniles, and in the case of dead stranded mammals, the commonest cause of death was trauma, disease, and emaciation

Patterns of Coastal Land Cover and Estuarine Habitat Quality: Application of Long-term Monitoring Data

2008 S.C. Water Resources Conference - Addressing Water Challenges Facing the State and Regio

The condition of South Carolina's estuarine and coastal habitats during 2003-2004 : technical report

There are several specific, yet critical, attributes of the SCECAP initiative that set it apart from other ongoing monitoring programs being conducted in South Carolina by SCDHEC (primarily for water quality) and SCDNR (primarily for fishery stock assessments). These include: sampling sites throughout the coastal zone using a random, probability-based approach, using integrated measures of environmental and biological condition that provide a more complete evaluation of overall habitat quality, and monitoring tidal creek habitats. This technical report is the third in a series of reports describing the status of South Carolina’s estuarine habitats

The condition of South Carolina's estuarine and coastal habitats during 2009-2010

The South Carolina Estuarine and Coastal Assessment Program (SCECAP) was established in 1999 to begin evaluating the overall health of the state’s estuarine habitats on a periodic basis using a combination of water quality, sediment quality, and biotic condition measures. This collaborative program involves the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources (SCDNR) and the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (SCDHEC) as the two lead state agencies, as well as the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration National Ocean Service (NOAA/NOS) laboratories located in Charleston (Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research and the Hollings Marine Laboratory). This technical report is part of a series of bi-annual reports describing the status of South Carolina’s estuarine habitats

Cultural Heritage and Climate Change Adaptation Pathways

This dissertation seeks to ethnographically understand the role of cultural heritage in climate change adaptation decision-making, and the mechanisms by which heritage is used to shape adaptation pathways for responding to climate-induced socio-ecological changes. Cultural heritage can broadly be understood as the practice of engaging with change through an ongoing social processing of the past. Research on cultural heritage to date has demonstrated the ways that heritage is closely linked to issues of identity, power, and sociocultural processes of change (Lafrenz Samuels 2018). In the context of climate change adaptation, heritage research has much to offer to a growing body of literature that points to the need to better understand the underlying sociocultural factors that affect social resilience and human adaptation (Cote and Nightingale 2012). This dissertation speaks to these calls in approaching heritage as a mechanism for carving climate change adaptation pathways. I explore the role of heritage as an adaptation pathway in the context of a collaborative adaptation planning project called the Integrated Coastal Resiliency Assessment (ICRA), which was carried out on the Deal Island Peninsula, a rural, low-lying area on the Maryland eastern shore of the Chesapeake Bay. I utilize qualitative methods in semi-structured interviewing, participant observation, and text analysis to ethnographically elucidate a range of heritage threads and to analyze how these threads shape collaborative adaptation decision-making through the ICRA process. Findings from this research identify three overarching heritage themes that are embedded in local Methodist traditions, traditional watermen livelihood practices, and histories of isolation and independence. I demonstrate how these threads are used to frame local understandings of socio-ecological change and climate change vulnerabilities on the Deal Island Peninsula. I also demonstrate how broader heritage deployments in the Chesapeake Bay shape local experiences of vulnerability through processes of disempowerment. I conclude with a discussion of how heritage is integrated into the ICRA process to facilitate a bottom-up decision-making process that re-empowers local actors in governing their own vulnerabilities. The main conclusion from this research points to the importance of considering heritage mobilization in climate change adaptation planning