Challenges and perspectives for the protection of masonry structures in historic centers: the role of innovative materials and techniques

Lessons learned from natural events which caused severe damage to existing constructions have repeatedly shown the high vulnerability of historically important masonry, often worsened by inaccurate or dubious applications of modern or innovative interventions. Especially in the field of new technologies and materials applied to historical assets, experimental validation integrated at multi-disciplinary level is essential, to implement correct choices able to balance the respect of tradition and the requirements of innovation. The common objective is the transmission of educational values through the conservation of the historical identity of constructions which have survived over time and are still functional today. Planning agreements among academic and industrial research, management and governing bodies constitute preconditions for selecting consistent strategies for the protection of the built environment. However, the effects of technical advances and trends on historical assets should be carefully evaluated when influencing common practices, before recommendations, standards or execution protocols based on sufficiently long-lasting experience are available. This paper discusses a series of issues involved in the complex process of methodological and operative options currently feasible in the field of historical masonry structures. It also focuses on the progressive role of composite materials and the consequent implications on the implementation of preservation criteria

COMPORTAMENTO MECCANICO DI MURATURE CONSOLIDATE CON MATERIALI E TECNICHE A BASE DI CALCE

1999/2000XIII Ciclo1968Versione digitalizzata della tesi di dottorato cartacea

An architectural catalogue for the study of traditional building features from their seismic behaviour in the 2016 Central Italy earthquake

[EN] The preservation of vernacular architecture is grounded on the study of those building techniques adopted in the past, when know-how and craftmanship (the rule-of-thumb for a well-arranged building) governed the spontaneous construction. The advent of new industrial materials and the progressive impoverishment of constructive skills caused the loss of traditional architectural features in favour of a standardized construction, often concealed from the outside. In the framework of the actual debate about the reconstruction of earthquake damaged historical centres, traditional building techniques and materials may play an effective role, as an alternative to a purely aesthetic appreciation and conservation of vernacular architecture. This contribution deals with the features of vernacular architecture in the area hit by the 2016 Central Italy earthquake, taking advantage of systematic observations of the built heritage in its context. The appearance of a building was subdivided in ‘volume, ‘surface’ and ‘components & materials’, and per each theme, those architectural features which played a role in the seismic performance of a building were collected. This led to the proposal of a catalogue which relates geometric and morphological features to structural ones, as a function of the local construction traditions and the architectural appearance of the townscape. Structural interventions applied over time were also recognized, categorizing them in ‘spontaneous’, ‘standardized’ and ‘designed’. As in vernacular buildings architectural choices reflect on the structural behaviour, this catalogue and other similar ones are essential for actions (interventions or reconstruction) which are respectful of the built heritage and its values.This research was carried out in the framework of the 2022-2023 DPC-ReLUIS Project (Italian Civil Protection Department - Laboratories University Network of Seismic Engineering).Sbrogiò, L.; Saretta, Y.; Valluzzi, MR. (2022). An architectural catalogue for the study of traditional building features from their seismic behaviour in the 2016 Central Italy earthquake. En Proceedings HERITAGE 2022 - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 197-204. https://doi.org/10.4995/HERITAGE2022.2022.1515519720

Seismic vulnerability assessment of clustered historical centers: fragility curves based on local collapse mechanisms analyses

open5noProtection and preservation of minor historical centres against earthquakes effects are not trivial tasks, particularly in the cases, quite common, of complex aggregate buildings. The paper aims at evaluating the seismic vulnerability of historical clustered buildings on a urban scale, through the analysis of local collapse mechanisms, carried out with a parametric approach. This procedure is applied to four historical centres of L’Aquila province struck by the 2009 earthquake. The identification of the significant parameters is related to the definition of representative typologies within the city centres. Each typology is characterized by recurring features, mainly recognizable with a survey performed outside the buildings. After the identification of the relevant aspects, local mechanisms of collapse analyses are carried out, by varying the parameters between defined range of values, in order to take into account possible uncertainties in the data collection. A set of fragility curves for each identified typology is defined and the obtained results are compared to the damage data gathered in the post-earthquake phase for the buildings. This approach allows for possible extensions to buildings that may be included in the typology categories here defined.openTaffarel, S.; Caliman, M.; Valluzzi, M.R; da Porto, F.; Modena, C.Taffarel, Sabrina; Caliman, M.; Valluzzi, MARIA ROSA; DA PORTO, Francesca; Modena, Claudi

El proyecto y la intervención en el campanario de la catedral de Monza, Italia

[EN] After painstaking investigations carried out since 1994, the bell tower of the San Giovanni Battista Cathedral in Monza (Milan) has recently been subject to conservation interventions. Severe deterioration phenomena were detected involving the global stability of the tower but particularly related with the properties and behaviour of the materials. The intervention has therefore been designed on the basis of a complex process of knowledge, carried out by means of in situ and laboratory experiments and tests which led the restorers to decide on minimum repair and strengthening techniques aimed at solving the specific structural deficiencies while showing the maximum respect for the historic identity of the building.[ES] Tras las investigaciones promovidas desde 1994, el campanario de la catedral de San Giovanni Battista en Monza (Italia) ha sido objeto reciente de intervenciones de conservación. Ante los serios fenómenos de deterioro de la estabilidad global y de las propiedades y comportamiento de los materiales de la fábrica descritos en el artículo anterior, la intervención se ha diseñado a partir de un complejo proceso de conocimiento llevado a cabo mediante experimentaciones in situ y en laboratorio, que han conducido a opciones de proyecto de mínimo impacto y técnicas de refuerzo dirigidas a resolver las deficiencias estructurales en el máximo respeto por la identidad histórica del edificio.Los autores desean agradecer a los ingenieros C. Bettio, D. Penzo, F. Bergo, F. Lucchin y E. Barin por su apoyo en las fases de verificación de los datos y el proyecto de intervención.Modena, C.; Valluzzi, MR. (2010). El proyecto y la intervención en el campanario de la catedral de Monza, Italia. Loggia, Arquitectura & Restauración. (22-23):122-133. doi:10.4995/loggia.2010.3042SWORD12213322-23Anzani A., Binda L. e Mirabella G. (1999), "The role of heavy persistent actions into the behavior of ancient masonry" en Structural Faults + Repair, 8th International Conference and Exibition, London, UK (CD ROM)Anzani A., Binda, L., Mirabella Roberti G. (2000), "The Effect of Heavy Persistent Actions into the Behaviour of Ancient Masonry" en Materials and Structures, vol. 33, n. 228, 2000, pp. 251-261 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02479335Bettio C., Bolognini L., Modena C. (1995), "Structural evaluation of the leaning bell tower of S. Stefano in Venice" en IABSE Symposium Extending the Lifespan of Structures, S. Francisco, USA, Agosto 1995, pp. 687-692Binda L., Anti L, Valsasnini L. (1993), "Indagine sperimentale sul comportamento meccanico dei materiai recuperati dalle rovine della torre civica" en Tema-Tempo Materia Architettura, 4, pp. 27-41Binda L., Modena C., Saisi A., Tongini Folli R., Valluzzi M.R. (2001), "Bed joints structural repointing of historic masonry structures" en 9th Canadian Masonry Symposium 'Spanning the centuries', Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, 4-6/06/2001 (en CD-ROM)Binda L., Modena C., Valluzzi M.R. (2003), "Il restauro del campanile del Duomo di Monza: scelte di progetto e tecniche d'intervento" en Arkos -Scienza e Restauro dell'Architettura 1, Enero/Marzo 2003, Nardini Ed., pp. 44-53Binda L., Modena C., Valluzzi M. R., Zago R. (1999), "Mechanical effects of bed joint steel reinforcement in historic brick masonry structures" en Structural Faults + Repair - 99, 8th International Conference and Exhibition, London, England, Julio, 13-15 1999 (en CD-ROM)Binda L., Poggi C., Tiraboschi C., Tongini Folli R. (2001), "Il Campanile del Duomo di Monza: diagnosi in situ e in laboratorio su struttura e materiali" en ARKOS, 2001, 4, pp. 40-47Binda, L., Anzani A. (1993), "The time-dependent behaviour of masonry prisms: an interpretation" en The Masonry Society Journal, vol. 11, n. 2, 1993, pp. 17-34Binda, L., Anzani, A., Gioda, G. (1991), "An analysis of the time-dependent behaviour of masonry walls" en 9th International Brick/Block Masonry Conference, Berlin, 1991, vol. 2, pp. 1058-1067Binda, L., Gatti, G., Mangano, G., Poggi, C., Sacchi Landriani, G. (1992), "The collapse of the Civic Tower of Pavia: a survey of the materials and structure" en Masonry International, vol. 6, n.1, 1992, pp. 11-20Modena C. (1994), "Repair and upgrading techniques of unreinforced masonry structures utilized after the Friuli and Campania-Basilicata Earthquakes" en Earthquake Spectra, 1994, Vol. 10, 1, pp. 171-185Modena C. (1997), "Criteria for cautious repair of historic buildings" en L. Binda & C. Modena (Eds.): Evaluation and Strengthening of Existing Masonry Structures, RILEM, Paris, pp 25-42Modena, C., Valluzzi, M.R., Tongini Folli, R., Binda, L. (2002), "Design choices and intervention techniques for repairing and strengthening of the Monza cathedral bell-tower" en Construction and Building Materials, Special Issue, Elsevier Science Ltd., 16 (7) (2002) 385-395Saisi, A., Valluzzi, M.R., Binda, L., Modena, C. (2004), "Creep behavior of brick masonry panels strengthened by the bed joints reinforcement technique using CFRP thin strips", en Proc. Of SAHC2004: IV Int. Seminar on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions - possibilities of experimental and numerical techniques, Padova, Italy, noviembre 2004, 837-846Tinazzi, D., Valluzzi, M.R., Bianculli, N., Lucchin, F.,Modena, C. & Gottardo, R. (2003), "FRP strengthening and repairing of masonry under compressive load" en Proc. 10th International Conference on Structural Faults and Repair, London 1st-3rd Julio 2003, (CD-ROM). Edinburgh: Engineering Technical PressValluzzi M.R., Casarin F., Garbin E., da Porto F., Modena C. (2005a), "Long-term damage on masonry towers: case studies and intervention strategies" en 11th International Conference on Fracture, Turin (Italy), Marzo 20-25, 2005 (CD-ROM)Valluzzi M.R., da Porto F., Modena C. (2003a), "Structural investigations and strengthening of the civic tower in Vicenza" en Structural Faults & Repair - 2003, Commonwealth Institute, Kensington, London, UK, 1-3 Julio 2003 (10 pp., on CD-ROM)Valluzzi, M.R., Binda, L., Modena, C., (2004), "Mechanical behavior of historic masonry structures strengthened by bed joints structural repointing" en Construction and Building Materials, Elsevier Science Ltd. 19 (1) (2004) 63-73Valluzzi, M.R., Tinazzi, D., Garbin, E., Modena, C., (2003b), "FEM modelling of CFRP strips bond behaviour for bed joints reinforcement technique", en Proc. of STRUMAS VI, Septiembre 2003, Rome, Italy, en Computer Methods in Structural Masonry 6 (T.G. Hughes & G.N. Pande Ed., Computers & Geothecnics Ltd, Swansea, UK) 149-155Valluzzi, M.R., Tinazzi, D., Modena, C., (2005b), "Strengthening of masonry structures under compressive loads by FRP strips: local-global mechanical behavior" en Science and Engineering of Composite Materials, Special Issue, Freund Publishing House Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel, 12 (3) (2005) 203-21

Finite element micro-modelling for the characterization of inclined head joints archaeological masonry: the case of Villa Diomede in Pompeii

Villa Diomede is a great roman building located on the western corner of the modern archaeological site of Pompeii, built during III century BC and discovered between 1771 and 1774 during archaeological excavations. The system is composed by three levels: the road level, the garden level, which hosts the portico structure, and the underground level. The building includes diverse types of masonry with a wide range of unit shapes, dimensions and materials (i.e. tuff, limestone, volcanic stone, clay brick etc.). Besides, an unconventional tuff masonry type was observed on some structures of the garden; it reveals inclined head joints, whose structural function is still unknown. The paper reports the numerical micro-modeling of this particular texture of masonry, where the constitutive materials (tuff units and mortar) are discretized. The main goal of the work is the assessment of inclined masonry joints as an aseismic detail compared with widespread traditional tuff running bond masonry. Micro models of masonry wallettes were created assigning a non-linear constitutive behavior, i.e. total strain crack model (with a parabolic behavior in compression and an exponential softening behavior in tension, whereas damage due to tensile cracking was modeled adopting a rotating crack model). Moreover, brittle 2D interfaces were modeled between mortar and units at inclined joints surfaces. The paper focuses on numerical prediction of compressive response of masonry models subjected to uniaxial compressive tests.Postprint (published version

Danneggiamento e recupero degli edifici storici: l\u2019esperienza dell\u2019Aquila

La salvaguardia del patrimonio architettonico, la cui fragilit\ue0 \ue8 stata messa in evidenza dai r ecenti eventi sismici, sta diventando sempre pi\uf9 un problema sociale ed economico in molti paesi. Occorr e particolare cura nel definire il livello di sicurezza accettabile, i materiali utilizzabili e le tecniche di r ecupero che rispettino i valori culturali e storici. Inoltre, devono essere stabilite regole di buona pratica applicabili nei centri storici, caratter izzati da edifici complessi e interconnessi tra lor

Un percorso interdisciplinare per la ricostruzione degli orizzontamenti lignei delle domus romane

In most cases, archaeological excavations provide very little information about buildings\u2019 upper parts, such as roof and floors, except for a few peculiar cases, such as Pompeii, Herculaneum and ancient Ostia. Being wood less durable than masonry, our knowledge of the rules and the principles commonly used in Antiquity to design timber structures is still limited to hypothesis. Ancient writers, such as Plinius or Vitruvius, cannot help either, due to the recurrent difficulty of interpreting structural details and technical aspects discussed in their essays. In the paper, an integrated method, able to combine the archaeological data with the architectural knowledge of the Antiquity and the support of engineering analyses, is proposed. Based on limited information already available and through the application of the simplified kinematic approach, unknown geometrical data of the Roman house have been identified through analytical formulas, thus linking a house's floor layout to its elevation. In particular, starting from the linking of the house's floor layout to its elevation, dimensional criteria for timber beams and the roof's pitch in agreement with the archaeological evidence have been defined

MODELING STRATEGIES FOR NON-LINEAR SEISMIC ANALYSES: COMPARISON AMONG EFM AND FEM RESULTS ON AN EXISTING URM CASE STUDY

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