La importancia de las instituciones en el desarrollo económico de un país y su reflejo en la pobreza y en la riqueza

El presente trabajo versa sobre las diferencias y desigualdades que se han dado en los territorios a lo largo de toda la historia. Se trata de entender las diferentes causas de éstas divergencias tras un análisis de diferentes territorios y su evolución histórica ocurrida en diferentes etapas de la historia mundial. El trabajo comienza con el estudio de diferentes hipótesis que analizaban dicho problema desde diferentes puntos de vista dependiendo del territorio a estudiar. Encontrando así una teoría clara que coincide en todos los territorios: el papel de las instituciones. Las diferentes actuaciones de las instituciones sobre la población resultan un factor muy relevante, o casi determinante, para su desarrollo o subdesarrollo. Pueden aparecer diferentes clases de instituciones: aquellas que se caracterizan por ser inclusivas y fomentar el crecimiento de su población y territorio, o extractivas, las cuales buscan el beneficio de los gobernantes en detrimento de las clases sociales más bajas.With the following proyect is intented to show the reader, the differences and inequalities that have ocurred in territories throughout history. It is a question of understanding the different causes of these divergences after an analysis of different territories and their historical evolution ocurred at different stages of world history. The work begins with the study of different supposition that analyzed this problem from different points of view depending on the territory to be studied. Thus finding a clear theory that coincides in all territories: the role of institutions. The different actions of the institutions on the population are a very relevant or almost decisive factor for their development or underdevelopment. Different kinds of institutions may appear: those that are characterized by being inclusive and promoting the growth of their population and territory, or extractive, which seek the benefit of rulers to the detriment of the lower social classes.Departamento de Fundamentos del Análisis Económico e Historia e Instituciones EconómicasGrado en Derecho y Grado en Administración y Dirección de Empresa

Development of Technologies for Local Composting of Food Waste From Universities

[Abstract] The amount of biowaste generated by university canteens (BWUC) in the faculties of the University of A Coruña (UDC) varies between 6 and 100 kg/day. In addition, the gardening services of the campus generate even higher amounts of garden waste (GrW), including pruning, which, once crushed, serves as bulking material for composting the biowaste from the canteens. Decentralized composting has been chosen with the aim of producing high quality organic fertilizers for university urban gardens while reducing the environmental burdens of both waste management and agricultural practice. Small static home composters of 340 L (SHC) for smaller amounts of generation (up to 20 kg BWUC/day) were used, while, for faculties of higher generation (up to 40 kg BWUC/day on average), the first composting stage was carried out in a closed and dynamic composter (DC). The dynamic composter was designed and built specifically for this project and its features were improved and optimized throughout the study. The pilot project was carried out in two centers of the UDC, which are known as the Philology Faculty (PF) and the School of Architecture (SA). All the organic waste generated by the canteens of these two colleges from January 2011 to July 2011 (approximately 3000 kg) was treated. Composting in SHC included a thermophilic phase that extended one month beyond the loading period for which thermophilic temperatures were also recorded. The use of the DC as the first stage in combination with static composters (SC) for the maturation stage reduced the overall thermophilic phase to 6–8 weeks. The complete maturation (Rottegrade class IV-V) was achieved after about four months in SHC and after two months when using the combined DC-SC system, if the right conditions of moisture were maintained. The chemical quality of the compost produced was compatible with Class A of Spanish legislation (equivalent to organic farmer quality) and the C/N ratio ranged from 9 to 15 depending on the relation BWUC:GrW

Los corpus diacrónicos como instrumento para el estudio del origen y distribución de la concordancia de objeto en español

Partimos de una investigación previa sobre la génesis y el desarrollo histórico de la concordancia de objeto en español que pone de relieve las ventajas de un enfoque basado en corpus frente a otras alternativas de análisis. Teniendo en cuenta los corpus diacrónicos de que dispone el español, discutiremos hasta qué punto resulta factible recuperar los datos precisos para un estudio de estas características y qué tipo de información (etiquetado, analizado, etc.) sería necesaria para facilitar tal tarea. Finalmente, se verá en qué medida se manifiesta la preferencia de ciertas funciones sintácticas por una codificación y un estatus informativo determinados en el corpus seleccionado y se planteará si los géneros discursivos documentados a lo largo de la historia del español son representativos en igual medida de dicha preferencia.The article is based on previous research on the genesis and diffusion of object agreement in Spanish, which highlights the advantages of a corpus-driven approach as contrasted with other lines of analysis. We take into account the Spanish historical corpora available and discuss the feasibility of retrieving the necessary data for this type of study. Furthermore, we put forward some proposals about what kind of information (tagging, parsing, etc.) could make the task easier. Lastly, in the light of corpus data, we can see to what extent certain syntactic functions favour particular coding devices and information status, and consider if the various discourse genres registered in the history of the Spanish language are equally representative of these preferences

Influence of serological factors and BMI on the blood pressure/hematocrit association in healthy young men and women.

The association between mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and hematocrit (Hct) as a surrogate for blood viscosity was investigated in a young (average 20.0±2.3 years), healthy population of 174 men and 442 women. Health status was assessed by clinical examination and serological evaluation. Individuals with severe anemia or hemoconcentration, prior traumas or major surgical intervention, smokers, and pregnant or lactating women were excluded from the study. The MAP/Hct association was positive and significant (P=0.04) for women and negative, albeit not significantly so, for men. The MAP/Hct association was also evaluated in subgroups of the same population with a progressive step-by-step exclusion of: individuals with cholesterol >200 mg/dL; triglycerides >200 mg/dL; body mass index >25 kg/m(2); and glucose >100 mg/dL. This consecutively reduced the strength of the positive MAP/Hct association in women, which became negative - although not significantly so - when all anomalously high factors were excluded. The same trend was found in men. Our study indicates that previously reported positive trends in the relationship between the MAP and Hct in the population are not present in a young, healthy population of men or women that excludes individuals with the confounding factors of above normal serological values and BMI

Neoformación de minerales de la arcilla en la España Peninsular: tendencias termidinámicas basadas en la composición de las aguas de los ríos españoles

[Abstract] Stable or metastabie minerals are established for 381 sampling points from river water compositions for every spanish watershed aiong the years 1974-75, 1975-76, 1981-82, 1982-83 and 1983-84, as published by the spanish Department of Public Works. Phase diagrams for the systems SiO2-Al2O3-H2O, K2O-SiO2-Al2O3-H2O, Na2O-SiO2-Al2O3-H2O, MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-H2O, and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-H2O, for 298 K and 1 atm. conditions, are used in order to determine the mineraiogical stability, and therefore neoformation trends. Stable and metastable phases were taken into account to draw the diagrams (Fernandez Marcos and Macias, 1987). The prevailing trend in the Peninsula, according to this method, is towards kaolinite neoformation. Nevertheless differences are observed between watersheds. So kaolinite is the only stable mineral neoformed in the North watersheds while there exist severa! stable minerals (kaolinite, mica, (kaolinite, mica, chlorite, pyrophillite) or metastable ones (smectite) in the Tajo, Guadiana, Guadalquivir, South, Jucar, Segura and East Pyrenees watersheds, depending on sampling point and date. Geographic distribution of different minerals is satisfactorily explained by taking into account: rainfall distribution, sileceous or calcareous nature of ground, and upper, medium or lower position in the river course

Neoformacion de minerales de la arcilla en la Espana Peninsular: tendencias termodinamicas basadas en la composicion de las aguas de los rios españoles

Stable or metastabie minerals are established for 381 sampling points from river water compositions for every spanish watershed aiong the years 1974-75, 1975-76, 1981-82, 1982-83 and 1983-84, as published by the spanish Department of Public Works. Phase diagrams for the systems SiO2-Al2O3-H2O, K2O-SiO2-Al2O3-H2O, Na2O-SiO2-Al2O3-H2O, MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-H2O, and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-H2O, for 298 K and 1 atm. conditions, are used in order to determine the mineraiogical stability, and therefore neoformation trends. Stable and metastable phases were taken into account to draw the diagrams (Fernandez Marcos and Macias, 1987). The prevailing trend in the Peninsula, according to this method, is towards kaolinite neoformation. Nevertheless differences are observed between watersheds. So kaolinite is the only stable mineral neoformed in the North watersheds while there exist severa! stable minerals (kaolinite, mica, (kaolinite, mica, chlorite, pyrophillite) or metastable ones (smectite) in the Tajo, Guadiana, Guadalquivir, South, Jucar, Segura and East Pyrenees watersheds, depending on sampling point and date. Geographic distribution of different minerals is satisfactorily explained by taking into account: rainfall distribution, sileceous or calcareous nature of ground, and upper, medium or lower position in the river course

Microwave Assisted Organic Synthesis of Benzamides with C3 Symmetry

The 9th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry session Symposium on Microwave Assisted SynthesisXUNTA DE GALICIA for financial support: PR405 A 098/59-0 and PGIDIT05PXIB26201P

A genetic algorithms-based approach for optimizing similarity aggregation in ontology matching

[Abstract] Ontology matching consists of finding the semantic relations between different ontologies and is widely recognized as an essential process to achieve an adequate interoperability between people, systems or organizations that use different, overlapping ontologies to represent the same knowledge. There are several techniques to measure the semantic similarity of elements from separate ontologies, which must be adequately combined in order to obtain precise and complete results. Nevertheless, combining multiple similarity measures into a single metric is a complex problem, which has been traditionally solved using weights determined manually by an expert, or through general methods that do not provide optimal results. In this paper, a genetic algorithms based approach to aggregate different similarity metrics into a single function is presented. Starting from an initial population of individuals, each one representing a combination of similarity measures, our approach allows to find the combination that provides the optimal matching quality.Instituto de Salud Carlos III; FISPI10/02180Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo; 209RT0366Xunta de Galicia; CN2012/217Xunta de Galicia; CN2011/034Xunta de Galicia; CN2012/21

Ontologies in medicinal chemistry: current status and future challenges

[Abstract] Recent years have seen a dramatic increase in the amount and availability of data in the diverse areas of medicinal chemistry, making it possible to achieve significant advances in fields such as the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of compounds. However, with this data explosion, the storage, management and analysis of available data to extract relevant information has become even a more complex task that offers challenging research issues to Artificial Intelligence (AI) scientists. Ontologies have emerged in AI as a key tool to formally represent and semantically organize aspects of the real world. Beyond glossaries or thesauri, ontologies facilitate communication between experts and allow the application of computational techniques to extract useful information from available data. In medicinal chemistry, multiple ontologies have been developed during the last years which contain knowledge about chemical compounds and processes of synthesis of pharmaceutical products. This article reviews the principal standards and ontologies in medicinal chemistry, analyzes their main applications and suggests future directions.Instituto de Salud Carlos III; FIS-PI10/02180Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo; 209RT0366Galicia. Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria; CN2012/217Galicia. Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria; CN2011/034Galicia. Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria; CN2012/21

Geomorphological mapping of granite caves

[Abstract] The aim is to develop a mapping which represents the relief and the form (morphology) of granite caves and associated superficial structures