Protecting the right to emergency medical service in the European Court of human rights and collective complaint procedure

The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is generally described as the most effective human rights protection mechanism. While the jurisdiction of the Court is limited to civil and political rights, the protection of socio-economic rights at the Council of Europe is sought primarily through the Collective Complaint Procedure (CCP). Such a distinction reflects the traditional perception of human rights, according to which the protection of socio-economic rights has been regarded as inferior to first-category human rights. However, analysis of the ECtHR and CCP from the viewpoint of emergency medical service illustrates that, contrary to the prevailing understanding, both mechanisms do provide equally effective protection for claims concerning the right to emergency health care. © 2018 Jenna Uusitalo, published by Sciendo.Peer reviewe

The Superintendent’s Point of View Concerning the High School Music Program in the Public Schools of Washington State

In the interest of better music programs and to further the communication between school music educators and their administrators, it will be the purpose of this study to discuss and investigate the high school music program from the superintendent’s point of view. The philosophies and convictions of 200 superintendents in the State of Washington will be utilized in this study

“In related news, Putin just ordered troops into Hogwarts”:intertextuality in the jokes of network late-night talk show monologues

Abstract. This thesis examines the intertextuality’s role in the jokes of late-night talk show monologues. The main goal is to apply Kristeva’s, Riffaterre’s and Saussure’s theories of intertextuality in conjunction with Rashkin and Attardo’s General Theory of Verbal humor to figure whether intertextuality is aleatory or obligatory to the jokes presented in the monologues. The data for this thesis has been collected from the four most watched network late night talk shows: Late Night with Seth Meyers (NBC), The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon (NBC), The Late Show with Stephen Colbert (CBS) and Jimmy Kimmel Live! (ABC). The monologues were aired between March and May of 2022. 15 jokes from each of the shows were chosen to best represent the variety of intertextual references in the jokes. These were analyzed and categorized based on how intertextuality affects the srcipt opposition necessary for the jokes to work. The findings include that monologue jokes have intertextual references in both the setups and punchlines. When in setups, the role of intertextuality is to establish and restrict scripts, making the intertextuality obligatory for the joke. In punchlines, intertextuality is obligatory, as the intertextual reference is usually the punchline that creates script opposition. Visual references in the setup were usually not obligatory, as they were often complementing the reference made verbally. Similarly in the punchline, visual references were often aleatory, but there were also jokes where the image was the only element creating script opposition, thus being obligatory.”In related news, Putin just ordered troops into Hogwarts” : intertekstuaaliset viittaukset late-night ohjelmien monologien vitseissä. Tiivistelmä. Tässä tutkielmassa tarkastellaan intertekstuaalisuuden roolia yhdysvaltalaisten myöhäisillan talk show -ohjelmien monologien vitseissä. Päätavoitteena on soveltaa Kristevan, Riffaterren ja Saussuren teorioita intertekstuaalisuudesta yhdessä Rashkinin ja Attardon yleisen verbaalisen huumorin teorian (general verbal theory of humor) kanssa sen selvittämiseksi, onko intertekstuaalisuus monologeissa esitetyille vitseille kohentavaa (aleatory) vai välttämätöntä obligatory. Tämän tutkielman aineisto on kerätty neljästä katsotuimmasta yhdysvaltalaisesta myöhäisillan talk show -ohjelmasta: Late Night with Seth Meyers (NBC), The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon (NBC), The Late Show with Stephen Colbert (CBS) ja Jimmy Kimmel Live! (ABC). Monologit esitettiin ohjelmissa maaliskuun ja toukokuun 2022 välisenä aikana. Kustakin ohjelmasta valittiin 15 vitsiä, jotta ne edustaisivat parhaiten vitseissä esiintyvien intertekstuaalisten viittausten moninaisuutta. Näitä analysoitiin ja luokiteltiin sen perusteella, miten intertekstuaalisuus vaikuttaa vitsin edellyttämään skriptien ristiriitaan (script opposition). Analyysistä nähdään, että monologivitseissä on intertekstuaalisia viittauksia sekä vitsien alustuksissa, että vitsin kärjessä. Kun intertekstuaalisuus esiintyy alustuksessa, intertekstuaalisuuden tehtävänä on luoda ja rajoittaa skriptejä, jolloin intertekstuaalisuus on vitsin kannalta välttämätöntä. Vitsin kärjessä intertekstuaalisuus on välttämätöntä, sillä intertekstuaalinen viittaus on yleensä se elementti, joka luo skriptien ristiriitaa. Visuaaliset viittaukset eivät yleensä olleet välttämättömiä, koska ne usein täydensivät verbaalista viittausta. Vastaavasti vitsin kärjessä visuaaliset viittaukset olivat usein kohentavia, mutta oli myös vitsejä, joissa kuva oli ainoa skriptien ristiriitaa luova elementti, joten se oli välttämätön

Järveen purkautuvan pohjaveden laadun ja määrän vaikutus Puruveden lahtien vedenlaatuun ja vesitaseeseen

Tiivistelmä. Tämän diplomityön tarkoituksena oli tutkia purkautuvan pohjaveden vaikutuksia Puruveden lahtialueiden vedenlaatuun ja vesitaseeseen. Puruvesi on Saimaaseen kuuluva oligotrofinen ja pohjavesivaikutteinen suuri järvi, jolle on tyypillistä poikkeuksellinen veden kirkkaus. Puruveden pääaltaan vedenlaatu on todettu pitkäkestoisessa seurannassa erinomaiseksi ja tilanne muuttumattomaksi. Useiden lahtialueiden tila on kuitenkin heikentynyt viime vuosikymmenien aikana. Tämän vuoksi Puruvesi on valittu yhdeksi kohdealueeksi Freshabit LIFE IP -hankkeeseen. Hankkeeseen määritetyt Puruveden pohjavesivaikutteisuuden tutkimukset toteutettiin tämän diplomityön muodossa. Diplomityön kohdealueiksi valikoituivat Enanlahti, Mehtolanlahti, Ristilahti ja Aittolahti. Jokaiselle lahdelle muodostettiin näytteenottolinja, josta vesinäytteitä kerättiin neljä kertaa kesän 2018 aikana. Kukin linja sisälsi järvivesien, huokosvesien sekä pohjavesien havaintopaikkoja. Lahtien ja pohjaveden vuorovaikutteisuutta tutkittiin pääasiassa luonnollisten merkkiaineiden eli veden stabiilien isotooppien (¹⁸O ja ²H) sekä piidioksidin, kalsiumin ja magnesiumin avulla. Pohjaveden vaikutuksia lahtien vedenlaatuun selvitettiin vertailemalla vedenlaatua pohja-, huokos- ja järviveden välillä. Veden laadun parametreina käytettiin muuan muassa fosforin ja typen laajoja analyyseja sekä happea ja rautaa. Purkautuvan pohjaveden vaikutusta vesitaseeseen arvioitiin vain Ristilahdella. Arviointia varten Ristilahdella tehtiin suotautumismittauksia sekä tulouomien virtausmittauksia. Tutkimusten yhteydessä kartoitettiin lisäksi pohjaveden purkautumisalueita koko Puruveden alueella. Enanlahdella ja Mehtolanlahdella pohja- ja huokosvedet olivat hyvälaatuisia, joten vaikutus lahtien vedenlaatuun oli nykyisellään positiivinen ja puhdistava. Punkaharjun vanhalla kaatopaikalla ei havaittu olevan nykyisellään merkittävää rehevöittävää vaikutusta läheisiin lahtiin. Enanlahden valuma-alueella olevan uudemman kaatopaikan vaikutuksia ei puolestaan ole juurikaan tutkittu. Ristilahdella havaittiin kohonneita ravinnepitoisuuksia maatalousalueiden lähistöllä pohja- ja huokosvesistä. Fosforin ja typen havaittiin kulkeutuvan läheisiltä pelloilta lahteen suojavyöhykkeestä huolimatta. Havainnon voi yleistää muihinkin vesistön välittömässä läheisyydessä sijaitseviin peltoihin ja metsähakkuualueisiin, jotka sijaitsevat myös karkearakeisien maalajien alueilla. Ristilahden havaittiin olevan tutkimuskohteista selkeästi pohjavesivaikutteisin, mutta myös vedenlaadultaan huonoin. Aittolahdella pohja- ja huokosvesien vedenlaatu tulisi määrittää kattavammin johtopäätöksiä varten. Suotautumismittausten ja teoreettisten suotautumisvyöhykkeiden skenaarioiden perusteella purkautuvan pohjaveden osuuden arvioitiin olevan pieni Ristilahden vesitaseessa (G index noin 2–10 %). Ristilahden korostuva pohjavesivaikutteisuus johtui pääosin pohjavesivaikutteisten tulouomien välittämistä vesistä. Purkautuvan pohjaveden aiheuttama kuormitus on korkeintaan vain muutaman prosentin luokkaa Ristilahden tulovirtaamien kokonaiskuormituksesta. Hapettomana purkautuvalla pohjavedellä saattaa kuitenkin olla vaikutusta lahden sisäiseen kuormitukseen, sillä sedimentin fosforivarastot ovat mittavat ja pieniä redoxpotentiaalien arvoja on mitattu sedimenttitutkimusten yhteydessä. Tutkimuksen perusteella pohjaveden laatu ei ole heikentynyt laajamittaisesti Puruveden alueella. Ravinnepitoisempia pohjavesiä on havaittu vain hyvin paikallisesti maatalous- ja metsähakkuualueiden lähistöllä. Pohjaveden vaikutus Puruveteen on siten valtaosin puhdistava. Pohjaveden puhdistava vaikutus on heikentynyt tai muuttunut rehevöittäväksi vain paikallisesti tietyillä alueilla riippuen ihmistoiminnasta, pohjaveden purkautumisen voimakkuudesta ja vallitsevista happiolosuhteista. Diplomityöstä saatuja tuloksia ja tietoja voidaan käyttää esimerkiksi tulevissa pohjavesimallinnuksissa, vesiensuojelun suunnittelussa valuma-alueilla, yleisinä vedenlaatuaineistoina sekä pohjavesialueiden E-luokituksen perustana. Lisäksi kattava isotooppihydrologian analyysi tarjoaa laajan aineiston ja luotettavan vertailukohdan muille Suomessa tehtäville tutkimuksille.The impacts of quality and magnitude of groundwater discharge into the water quality and water budget of selected gulfs at lake Puruvesi. Abstract. The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of groundwater discharge into the water quality and water budget of the selected gulf areas of Lake Puruvesi. Puruvesi is an oligotrophic and groundwater dependent great lake which belongs to the Saimaa water system. Exceptional water clearness is typical for Puruvesi. In the long-term monitoring, the water quality of major lake basin has been established excellent and situation as stabile. However, the status in several gulf areas has been weakened during the last decades. Therefore, Puruvesi has been chosen as a one target area for Freshabit LIFE IP -project. The studies of groundwater – surface water interactions in lake Puruvesi, that was determined as one task in original project plan, was implemented by this master’s thesis. Enanlahti, Mehtolanlahti, Ristilahti ja Aittolahti were chosen as a target gulf area for this study. So called sampling line was formed for each gulf. Water samples were taken from lake water, groundwater and pore water inside the lake bed in each sampling line. Sampling was repeated four times during the summer 2018. Groundwater – surface water interactions were investigated mainly by natural environmental tracers. Water stable isotopes (¹⁸O ja ²H), silicon dioxide, calsium and magnesium were used as a tracer in this study. The impacts of groundwater discharge into the water quality of these gulfs was investigated by comparing the water quality between lake water, groundwater and pore water. Wide analysis of phosphorus and nitrogen as well as oxygen and iron were the main analytics for this comparison. The impacts of groundwater discharge into a water budget was evaluated only in Ristilahti. Seepage measurements through the lake bed and flow measurements from incoming channels were executed for water budget evaluation in Ristilahti. Furthermore, groundwater discharge zones were surveyed at the whole Puruvesi area duringthis study. In Enanlahti and Mehtolanlahti study sites, groundwaters and pore waters were of good quality without any high concentrations of nutrients. Therefore, the impacts into the lake water were clearly positive at present state in those study sites. Besides, the Punkaharju’s old landfill site was not found to have any significant eutrophic effect on nearby gulfs. On the other hand, the impacts of newer Punkaharju landfill area, that is in the Enanlahti catchment, has not been investigated at all so far. Raised concentrations of nutrients were observed from pore and groundwaters near the Ristilahti where agriculture areas are located nearby shoreline. Phosphorus and nitrogen were observed to drift from adjacent fields to the gulf despite the narrow protection zone. That observation can be generalized to all other regions where agriculture and clearcutting areas are in the immediate vicinity of the water bodies with the presence of coarse-grained land. Ristilahti was observed to be the most groundwater dependent target area of this study. On the other hand, water quality of Ristilahti was the worse of study sites. In Aittolahti, groundwater and pore water quality should be determined more comprehensively to make reliable conclusions. In a water budget of Ristilahti, the groundwater discharge was evaluated to have only a small portion of all incoming inflows based on the seepage measurements and theoretical seepage zones (G index only approximately 2–10%). The highlighted groundwater dependency of Ristilahti was mainly derived from groundwater dependent streams. The nutrient load from direct groundwater discharge to the gulf was estimated to be only a few percent of total incoming nutrient load. However, groundwater discharging with very low consentration of oxygen may have an impact on the internal load of the gulf. The phosphorus storage of the sediment has been established to be massive and small redox potential values have been observed during the sediment research. Based on this study, groundwater quality has not weakened extensively in the Puruvesi area. More nutrient-rich groundwaters has been observed only very locally in the vicinity of agricultural and forest clearcutting areas. Therefore, the impact of groundwater into a Puruvesi is predominantly positive and detergent. This detergent effect has become weaker or changed to negative only locally in particular regions depending the human activity, the magnitude of groundwater discharge and existing oxygen conditions. The results and knowledge obtained from this thesis can be used for instance in the design of water protection in catchment areas, as general water quality materials and as the basis for groundwater E-classification. Besides, comprehensive analysis of isotopic hydrology provides extensive material and reliable reference point for other studies in Finland

Modelling habitat suitability for occurrence of human tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cases in Finland

The numbers of reported human tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cases in Europe have increased in several endemic regions (including Finland) in recent decades, indicative of an increasing threat to public health. As such, it is important to identify the regions at risk and the most influential factors associated with TBE distributions, particularly in understudied regions. This study aimed to identify the risk areas of TBE transmission in two different datasets based on human TBE disease cases from 2007 to 2011 (n = 86) and 2012-2017 (n = 244). We also examined which factors best explain the presence of human TBE cases. We used ensemble modelling to determine the relationship of TBE occurrence with environmental, ecological, and anthropogenic factors in Finland. Geospatial data including these variables were acquired from several open data sources and satellite and aerial imagery and, were processed in GIS software. Biomod2, an ensemble platform designed for species dis-tribution modelling, was used to generate ensemble models in R. The proportion of built-up areas, field, forest, and snow-covered land in November, people working in the primary sector, human population density, mean precipitation in April and July, and densities of European hares, white-tailed deer, and raccoon dogs best es-timated distribution of human TBE disease cases in the two datasets. Random forest and generalized boosted regression models performed with a very good to excellent predictive power (ROC = 0.89-0.96) in both time periods. Based on the predictive maps, high-risk areas for TBE transmission were located in the coastal regions in Southern and Western Finland (including the angstrom land Islands), several municipalities in Central and Eastern Finland, and coastal municipalities in Southern Lapland. To explore potential changes in TBE distributions in future climate, we used bioclimatic factors with current and future climate forecast data to reveal possible future hotspot areas. Based on the future forecasts, a slightly wider geographical extent of TBE risk was introduced in the angstrom land Islands and Southern, Western and Northern Finland, even though the risk itself was not increased. Our results are the first steps towards TBE-risk area mapping in current and future climate in Finland.Peer reviewe

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Performance and flow dynamics studies of polymeric optofluidic sers sensors

We present a polymer-based optofluidic surface enhanced Raman scattering chip for biomolecule detection, serving as a disposable sensorchoice with cost-effective production. The SERS substrate is fabricated by using industrial roll-to-roll UV-nanoimprinting equipment andintegrated with adhesive-based polymeric microfluidics. The functioning of the SERS detection on-chip is confirmed and the effect of thepolymer lid on the obtainable Raman spectra is analysed. Rhodamine 6G is used as a model analyte to demonstrate continuous flowmeasurements on a planar SERS substrate in a microchannel. The relation between the temporal response of the sensors and sample flowdynamics is studied with varied flow velocities, using SERS and fluorescence detection. The response time of the surface-dependent SERSsignal is longer than the response time of the fluorescence signal of the bulk flow. This observation revealed the effect of convection on thetemporal SERS responses at 25 μl/min to 1000 μl/min flow velocities. The diffusion of analyte molecules from the bulk concentration intothe sensing surface induces about a 40-second lag time in the SERS detection. This lag time, and its rising trend with slower flow velocities, has to be taken into account in future trials of the optofluidic SERS sensor, with active analyte binding on the sensing surface