EFFECTS OF CHROMIUM PICOLINATE ON OXIDATIVE STRESS AND HYPERGLYCEMIA IN EXPERIMENTAL TYPE 2 DIABETIC RATS

Objective: In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of chromium picolinate (CrPic) on diabetes, one of the most common and fatal diseases in the world, and its associated oxidative damages.Methods: CrPic (100 μg/kg) and metformin (1000 mg/kg) were orally administered for 21 days in rats with nicotinamide + streptozotocin-induced Type 2 diabetes.Results: Significant decreases in fasting blood glucose levels were observed 14 days after initial administration in both CrPic (p<0.01) and metformin (p<0.001) groups compared with a diabetic control group (DC). Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of all tissues were significantly higher in the DC group than in a normoglycemic control group (p<0.001). MDA levels of the CrPic group significantly decreased in heart (p<0.05) and liver (p<0.01) tissues. Glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) levels in heart, kidney, and liver tissues increased in CrPic group (GSH p<0.001, p<0.05, and p<0.01; CAT p<0.001, p<0.001, and p<0.05, respectively). Superoxide dismutase enzyme levels significantly increased in CrPic group in the liver tissue (p>0.001), but no such changes were observed in heart and kidney tissues (p>0.05).Conclusion: The results obtained from this study indicate that CrPic may be effective in alleviating hyperglycemia and its consequent oxidative damage in experimental Type 2 diabetes

Effects of Cinnamomum cassia extract on oxidative stress, immunreactivity of iNOS and impaired thoracic aortic reactivity induced by type II diabetes in rats

Type II diabetes is known to cause neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy. However, cardiovascular disorders associated with diabetes have been ignored. In traditional medicine, cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) bark has been used for its abilities to relieve fever, inflammation and chronic bronchitis. In the present study, the effect of Cinnamomum cassia extract (CN) on the thoracic aorta in an experimental type II diabetes model was investigated. In rats administered with nicotinamide + streptozotocin, significant endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress were characterised by increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and decreased insulin/proinsulin levels. This impairment was prevented by administering 1000 mg/kg metformin or 500-1000-1500 mg/kg CN. CN administration attenuated the inflammatory response by decreasing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO) and increasing Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH). In addition, CN administration was shown to cause down-regulating effects on iNOS in thoracic aorta. These findings reveal that CN could prevent chronic complications of experimentally induced type II diabetes by attenuating inflammation, oxidant/antioxidant imbalance, and normalised contraction and relaxion responses in the thoracic aorta

Effectiveness of Exosomes in the Immune Cascade

In order to treat and/or control a disease or prevent its occurrence, first of all, physiological pathways must be understood very well. In the previous 10 years, there has been a lot of interest in the function of exosomes in intercellular communication, particularly in studies on cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. This has led to plenty of research in this area. Exosomes are tiny transmembrane vesicles that are produced by endocytosis and are found in a variety of bodily fluids, including blood, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and breast milk. They are also released by a variety of tissues. Exosomes have a varied composition depending on where they come from, but they are often rich in cytosolic and cell surface proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA. In recent years, the interactions between exosomes and the immune system have been frequently studied. However, despite all the researches, the physiological purposes of exosomes are still largely unclear

Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek) seed extract against sodium nitrite toxicity in rats

Introduction: Feeding habits and environmental factors may rival genetic susceptibility as etiological factors related to various cancers. Humans are continuously exposed to many synthetic food additives, one of which is sodium nitrite (NaNO2). There is a direct correlation between increases in consumption of nitrite-treated products and incidence of tissue damage, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and some types of cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects of Trigonella foenurn-graecum (TFG) on NaNO2-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Methods: Forty rats were randomly assigned (10 per group) to control (physiological saline solution), TFG (150 mg/kg/day), NaNO2 (80 mg/kg/day), and NaNO2+TFG (80 mg/kg/day + 150 mg/kg/day) groups. This group was offered TFG seed extract two hours before NaNO2. At the end of three months, the rats were decapitated, and blood, kidney and liver tissues were removed. Results: Three months of oral administration of NaNO2 increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, creatinine, and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the liver and kidney tissues [except for liver Interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha)] of rats. Serum AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, liver IL-6, and kidney tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6, IL-1 alpha levels significantly decreased in the NaNO2 +TFG group compared to the NaNO2 group. Pathological examinations, it was determined show that exogenously administered TFG could alleviate the effects of NaNO2 hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Conclusions: Our results suggest that exogenous TFG mitigates NaNO2-administration induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. TFG extract exerted antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, and played a significant role in preventing hepatic and renal damage induced by chronic NaNO2 administration

Effects of different doses of <em>Prunus laurocerasus</em> L. leaf extract on oxidative stress, hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia induced by type I diabetes

430-436The fruits and leaves of the Prunus laurocerasus (PL) plant are used in traditional medicine for many purposes because of their anti-diabetic properties. This study aimed to determine the anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-hyperlipidaemic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of PL leaf extract on experimental type I diabetes. Different doses PL extracts were administered orally for 25 days to rats. Biochemical and immune histochemical analyses were performed at the end of the study. Antioxidant test results showed that the PL had a very high antioxidant capacity. The study also revealed that different doses of PL increased SOD (p < 0.001) and GSH (p < 0.05 in PL500 group) levels but decreased TBARS (p < 0.001) levels in the kidney tissue. Significant increases were noted in the SOD levels of liver tissue (p < 0.01). In addition, HDL cholesterol levels (p < 0.05) significantly increased while LDL (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, respectively) and TG levels (p < 0.05 in PL1000 and PL1500 groups) decreased when the PL groups were compared with the DC group. Eventually, the anti-hyperglycaemic effects of PL were not determined. However, PL was found to be highly effective in reducing oxidative stress and hyperlipidaemia. Based on the current study, PL leaf extract may be useful in preventing hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and oxidative stress, which are chronic complications of diabetes

Effects of Cinnamomum cassia extract on oxidative stress, immunreactivity of iNOS and impaired thoracic aortic reactivity induced by type II diabetes in rats

Type II diabetes is known to cause neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy. However, cardiovascular disorders associated with diabetes have been ignored. In traditional medicine, cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) bark has been used for its abilities to relieve fever, inflammation and chronic bronchitis. In the present study, the effect of Cinnamomum cassia extract (CN) on the thoracic aorta in an experimental type II diabetes model was investigated. In rats administered with nicotinamide + streptozotocin, significant endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress were characterised by increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and decreased insulin/proinsulin levels. This impairment was prevented by administering 1000 mg/kg metformin or 500-1000-1500 mg/kg CN. CN administration attenuated the inflammatory response by decreasing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO) and increasing Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH). In addition, CN administration was shown to cause down-regulating effects on iNOS in thoracic aorta. These findings reveal that CN could prevent chronic complications of experimentally induced type II diabetes by attenuating inflammation, oxidant/antioxidant imbalance, and normalised contraction and relaxion responses in the thoracic aorta

Anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-oxidant and anti-hyperlipidaemic effects of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Momordica charantia </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style:italic">L. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats </span>

382-386The study was aimed to determine the effects of Momordica charantia (MC) on fasting blood glucose levels, oxidative stress and plasma lipid profile in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Diabetic rats were orally administered MC extract (200 mg/kg) and subcutaneous insulin (1 IU) for 21 days. MC and insulin treated groups showed a significant decrease in the fasting blood glucose levels from the 7th day (p < 0.001). There were no differences in HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels. There was a decrease in the LDL and VLDL cholesterol levels (p < 0.05). Furthermore, treatment with MC and insulin reduced in the erythrocyte TOS levels (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in plasma and erythrocyte TAS levels between the untreated diabetic group and MC group. The anti-hyperlipidaemic property of the MC extract was determined, while the more antioxidant and anti-hyperglycaemic features of the insulin was observed. Based on this information, it is considered that it will be more effective to use MC and exogenous insulin in combination for preventing complications such as oxidative stress and, hyperlipidaemia shaped by diabetes