61 research outputs found

    Nature et fonction du sacrifice chez les BĂšRi du Tchad et du Soudan

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    Les diffĂ©rents types de sacrifices accomplis par les BĂšRi (plus souvent connus sous le nom de Zaghawa) sont tous liĂ©s Ă  la fertilité : que ce soient les sacrifices d’intronisation qui rendent les chefs de tribus ou de clans responsables de la venue de la pluie ou que ce soient les sacrifices faits lors d’une demande personnelle en liaison avec la fertilitĂ© des hommes (demande d’enfants, demande de guĂ©rison) ou avec la fertilitĂ© du troupeau (animaux perdu, volĂ©s ou malades). Une premiĂšre distinction diffĂ©riencie entre les cultes publics, qui sont toujours le fait d’une collectivitĂ© et dont la pĂ©riodicitĂ© est fixe, et les cultes privĂ©s, qui sont actions individuelles ou occasionnelles. Cependant, une sĂ©quence privĂ©e s’insĂšre dans tout culte public ; et rĂ©ciproquement une sĂ©quence qui intĂ©resse l’ensemble de la collectivitĂ© s’insĂšre dans tout culte privĂ©. Les cultes publics ont Ă©tĂ© abandonnĂ©s depuis une trentaine d’annĂ©es sous la pression de l’islam, alors que les cultes privĂ©s demeurent extrĂȘmement vivaces.The various types of sacrifice performed by the BĂšRi (more often known as Zaghawa) are all related to fertility: sacrifices for installing the chiefs of tribes or clans who are responsible for rainfall, or sacrifices made for personal reasons related to the fertility of people (requests for children, for healing) or of livestock (lost, stolen or sick animals). An initial distinction can be made between public observances, which are always due to a group and have a fixed periodicity, and private observances, which are individual or occasional actions. However, a private sequence of rites is part of every public observance; and in turn, a sequence that concerns the group is part of very private observance. Public sacrifices have been forsaken for three decades under pressure from Islam, whereas private ones are still made

    Edmond Bernus, Patrice Cressier, Alain Durand, François Paris, Jean-François SaliĂšge, VallĂ©e de l’Azawagh (Sahara du Niger)

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    Ce livre constitue le volume 57 de la collection « Études nigĂ©riennes » dont le premier, paru en 1953, Ă©tait consacrĂ© au sociologue Charles Le CƓur (In Memoriam Charles Le CƓur). C’est dire la continuitĂ© de ces recherches qui, malgrĂ© bien des difficultĂ©s, ont su se maintenir Ă  un haut niveau sur un demi siĂšcle. L’ouvrage est dĂ©diĂ© Ă  Suzy Bernus qui fut si longtemps la cheville ouvriĂšre des « Études NigĂ©riennes » et qui, de 1977 Ă  1981, s’était investie dans le Programme archĂ©ologique d’urgenc..

    Royauté et reconnaissance du chef par le serpent

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    Qu’il glisse sous vos pas, figure dans un bijou ou le dĂ©cor d’une habitation, qu’il apparaisse comme protagoniste dans un conte, le serpent, en Afrique, est un des personnages de la vie quotidienne. Il siĂšge Ă©galement dans le panthĂ©on africain et sa figuration sur un trĂŽne ou sur un sceptre ainsi que son rĂŽle dans les rituels d’intronisation des chefs serait Ă  examiner dans maintes sociĂ©tĂ©s. En effet, les exemples sont trĂšs nombreux oĂč la divinitĂ©, lorsqu’elle entend se manifester, prend la f..

    Edmond Bernus, Patrice Cressier, Alain Durand, François Paris, Jean-François SaliĂšge, VallĂ©e de l’Azawagh (Sahara du Niger)

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    Ce livre constitue le volume 57 de la collection « Études nigĂ©riennes » dont le premier, paru en 1953, Ă©tait consacrĂ© au sociologue Charles Le CƓur (In Memoriam Charles Le CƓur). C’est dire la continuitĂ© de ces recherches qui, malgrĂ© bien des difficultĂ©s, ont su se maintenir Ă  un haut niveau sur un demi siĂšcle. L’ouvrage est dĂ©diĂ© Ă  Suzy Bernus qui fut si longtemps la cheville ouvriĂšre des « Études NigĂ©riennes » et qui, de 1977 Ă  1981, s’était investie dans le Programme archĂ©ologique d’urgenc..

    Vaccine breakthrough hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs

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    Life-threatening `breakthrough' cases of critical COVID-19 are attributed to poor or waning antibody response to the SARS- CoV-2 vaccine in individuals already at risk. Pre-existing autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs underlie at least 15% of critical COVID-19 pneumonia cases in unvaccinated individuals; however, their contribution to hypoxemic breakthrough cases in vaccinated people remains unknown. Here, we studied a cohort of 48 individuals ( age 20-86 years) who received 2 doses of an mRNA vaccine and developed a breakthrough infection with hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia 2 weeks to 4 months later. Antibody levels to the vaccine, neutralization of the virus, and auto- Abs to type I IFNs were measured in the plasma. Forty-two individuals had no known deficiency of B cell immunity and a normal antibody response to the vaccine. Among them, ten (24%) had auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs (aged 43-86 years). Eight of these ten patients had auto-Abs neutralizing both IFN-a2 and IFN-., while two neutralized IFN-omega only. No patient neutralized IFN-ss. Seven neutralized 10 ng/mL of type I IFNs, and three 100 pg/mL only. Seven patients neutralized SARS-CoV-2 D614G and the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) efficiently, while one patient neutralized Delta slightly less efficiently. Two of the three patients neutralizing only 100 pg/mL of type I IFNs neutralized both D61G and Delta less efficiently. Despite two mRNA vaccine inoculations and the presence of circulating antibodies capable of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2, auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs may underlie a significant proportion of hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia cases, highlighting the importance of this particularly vulnerable population

    COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

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    Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≀ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≄ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

    Mission au Darfour

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    Tubiana Joseph, Tubiana Marie José. Mission au Darfour. In: L'Homme, 1967, tome 7 n°1. pp. 89-96

    Mission au Darfour

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    Tubiana Joseph, Tubiana Marie José. Mission au Darfour. In: L'Homme, 1967, tome 7 n°1. pp. 89-96

    Un peuple noir aux confins du Tchad et du Soudan : les Beri aujourd'hui

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    A Black People on the Confines of the Chad and Sudan : the Beris Today The past of the Beris (Zaghawas and Bideyats) remains obscure even though the existence of the Zaghawas is mentioned as early as the Vlllth century. What should rather draw our attention is the Beri tribe such as we see it existing today and changing before our eyes. In a region where the difficulties of ekeing out an existence are apparent Ăźn both the landscape and the climate, the scant natural resources of the area play a dominant role as respects the way of life that people know. The economy of the Beris is above all a consumer economy. Whether the activities involved concern the picking of wild plants or sporadic farming, hunting or animal raising, the main effort is directed toward procurement, not augmentation and growth. Handicraft production is in the hands of a scorned caste, that of the blacksmiths. Commercial dealings with neighbours or with distant urban centers round out the necessary subsidiary activities. The Beri nation has submitted the influences of Islam and Arabization, followed by that of European colonization (English and French). It is making a vigorous attempt to adapt to the world of today.Le passĂ© des Beri (Zaghawa et Bideyat) reste obscur, bien que l'existence des Zaghawa soit mentionnĂ©e dĂšs le VIIIe siĂšcle. Ce qui doit retenir l'attention sera plutĂŽt la sociĂ©tĂ© beri, telle que nous la voyons vivre aujourd'hui et se transformer sous nos yeux. Dans un pays oĂč les contraintes se lisent dans le paysage et se comprennent par le climat, les ressources exiguĂ«s du milieu naturel conditionnent Ă©troitement la vie. L'Ă©conomie des Beri apparaĂźt avant tout comme une Ă©conomie de consommateurs. Que l'activitĂ© soit la cueillette des plantes sauvages ou une agriculture sporadique, la chasse ou l'Ă©levage, le principal effort est de collecte, non d'amĂ©nagement. La production artisanale est aux mains d'une caste mĂ©prisĂ©e : celle des forgerons. Les Ă©changes commerciaux avec les voisins ou avec les centres urbains lointains apportent les complĂ©ments nĂ©cessaires. La sociĂ©tĂ© beri a Ă©tĂ© successivement modifiĂ©e par l'impact de l'Islam et de l'arabisation, suivi de celui de la colonisation europĂ©enne (anglaise et française). Elle s'efforce vigoureusement de s'adapter au monde actuel.Tubiana Marie-JosĂ©, Tubiana Joseph. Un peuple noir aux confins du Tchad et du Soudan : les Beri aujourd'hui. In: Cahiers d'outre-mer. N° 103 - 26e annĂ©e, Juillet-septembre 1973. pp. 250-261
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