Freiheit im Materialismus?

Die Frage nach der Vereinbarkeit von Willensfreiheit und Determinismus ist recht verstanden die Frage nach der Denkbarkeit von Willensfreiheit im Materialismus. Willensfreiheit muss als teleologischer Begriff verstanden werden. Der Materialismus lässt aber keinen Raum für Teleologie, zumindest nach einem herkömmlichen Materieverständnis. Zu den ontologischen Bedingungen der Freiheit gehört mithin, dass der klassische ontologische Materialismus falsch ist

Violence in the Canyons: The Human Cost of Raiding and Warfare in Northeastern Arizona (AD 300-~1300)

Canyon de Chelly sits on the Northeastern border of the Kayenta region in Arizona. Because of the position in which they sit, those who lived there likely lived a unique experience when compared to the rest of the Kayenta cultural tradition, of which they are considered a part. By examining the skeletal remains of the canyon occupants, this study is able to reconstruct the demographic profile (age and sex), aspects of health (pathology, stature), analysis of trauma, and aspects of labor (robusticity and entheses) to create the first, modern, complete skeletal analysis of remains recovered from Canyon de Chelly. This collection of skeletal remains spans a very long occupation, approximately 1000 years from AD 300-1300 and can be broken up into two general time periods: Basketmaker and Pueblo. The specific research strategies laid out for this research attempted to answer big picture questions about what life was like at Canyon del Muerto and Canyon de Chelly during prehistory. These strategies focused on answering questions regarding how trauma played into the everyday experience and how living on the border of Mesa Verde and Chaco Canyon may have conflated the amount of violence this population may have experienced. This violence data was then compared to data from the American Southwest as a whole to better contextualize this trauma against other populations to see how the individuals at Canyon del Muerto and Canyon de Chelly were faring in comparison. Overall, the results from this study show that Canyon del Muerto and Canyon de Chelly did experience levels of violence on par or greater than both their Kayenta counterparts and many other regions in the American Southwest. It is likely that living on the border of regions that already had an established history of violence (Mesa Verde and Chaco Canyon) led to an increase in the level of violence we see in the canyon. The pattern of violence fits that of cyclical raiding or short-term warfare rather than continuous warfare or cultural/ritual violence and resulted in middle and old aged males and females experiencing the majority of the trauma while young adults were largely absent from both the trauma and mortuary record. Those individuals with trauma also appeared to be less healthy overall than those individuals without trauma, as they had higher levels of porotic hyperostosis and the majority of them also had postcranial pathology and a slightly shorter stature. These results suggest that not only are the Kayenta more complicated and varied as a population than many researchers previously thought, but that violence within this region, at least on the periphery did exist and at a relatively high frequency. This is likely related to the fact that Canyon de Chelly existed on the borderland of other cultural traditions that may have led to increased interaction and possibly violence between neighbors

Efficacy and Safety of Pediatric Critical Care Physician Telemedicine Involvement in Rapid Response Team and Code Response in a Satellite Facility

OBJECTIVES: Satellite inpatient facilities of larger children's hospitals often do not have on-site intensivist support. In-house rapid response teams and code teams may be difficult to operationalize in such facilities. We developed a system using telemedicine to provide pediatric intensivist involvement in rapid response team and code teams at the satellite facility of our children's hospital. Herein, we compare this model with our in-person model at our main campus. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: A tertiary pediatric center and its satellite facility. PATIENTS: Patients admitted to the satellite facility. INTERVENTIONS: Implementation of a rapid response team and code team model at a satellite facility using telemedicine to provide intensivist support. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We evaluated the success of the telemedicine model through three a priori outcomes: 1) reliability: involvement of intensivist on telemedicine rapid response teams and codes, 2) efficiency: time from rapid response team and code call until intensivist response, and 3) outcomes: disposition of telemedicine rapid response team or code calls. We compared each metric from our telemedicine model with our established main campus model. MAIN RESULTS: Critical care was involved in satellite campus rapid response team activations reliably (94.6% of the time). The process was efficient (median response time 7 min; mean 8.44 min) and effective (54.5 % patients transferred to PICU, similar to the 45-55% monthly rate at main campus). For code activations, the critical care telemedicine response rate was 100% (6/6), with a fast response time (median 1.5 min). We found no additional risk to patients, with no patients transferred from the satellite campus requiring a rapid escalation of care defined as initiation of vasoactive support, greater than 60 mL/kg in fluid resuscitation, or endotracheal intubation. CONCLUSIONS: Telemedicine can provide reliable, timely, and effective critical care involvement in rapid response team and Code Teams at satellite facilities

Sharing best practices and research findings through digital humanities and social science : an invitation to join the Rural Immigration Network

"How can we meet the goals that Cambio de Colores espouses: fostering cross-cultural connections, well-being, inclusion, prosperity and integration among all peoples living in rural communities? In-person contacts, supported by inclusive institutions and clear-eyed local leaders, nurtured into genuine relationships are surely best. Some of these patterns can come about by happenstance, given enough time. Others can be fostered intentionally by sharing good ideas and best practices. Digital scholarship tools and trends open new opportunities for achieving these goals. They complement the direct connections made through daily interactions and through professional meetings, workshops and conferences. This paper argues that scholars should ground their digital work on immigration within frameworks developed by community based learning and research practitioners. While many organizations addressing immigration-related issues maintain a digital presence, it seems safe to assume that they do so without delving into network or digital production theories. These organizations may have more tools and more willing partners at hand to support their efforts to ensure integration and well-being than they realize. Specifically, in the past two decades, academic institutions and funders have developed elaborate systems and theory to produce digital scholarship. Major funders support this effort, providing training workshops and graduate programs, open source technology and tools, and considerable knowledge of how to foster online communication. These systems parallel commercial digital infrastructures, but are guided by priorities and frameworks of the academy, rather than market or administrative logics. While not always realized, academic priorities leave space for more open, collaborative approaches to well-being and inclusion separate from profit motives. ..."--Introduction.Includes bibliographical reference

Molecular mechanisms of gastric epithelial cell adhesion and injection of CagA by Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori is a highly successful pathogen uniquely adapted to colonize humans. Gastric infections with this bacterium can induce pathology ranging from chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers to gastric cancer. More virulent H. pylori isolates harbour numerous well-known adhesins (BabA/B, SabA, AlpA/B, OipA and HopZ) and the cag (cytotoxin-associated genes) pathogenicity island encoding a type IV secretion system (T4SS). The adhesins establish tight bacterial contact with host target cells and the T4SS represents a needle-like pilus device for the delivery of effector proteins into host target cells such as CagA. BabA and SabA bind to blood group antigen and sialylated proteins respectively, and a series of T4SS components including CagI, CagL, CagY and CagA have been shown to target the integrin β1 receptor followed by injection of CagA across the host cell membrane. The interaction of CagA with membrane-anchored phosphatidylserine may also play a role in the delivery process. While substantial progress has been made in our current understanding of many of the above factors, the host cell receptors for OipA, HopZ and AlpA/B during infection are still unknown. Here we review the recent progress in characterizing the interactions of the various adhesins and structural T4SS proteins with host cell factors. The contribution of these interactions to H. pylori colonization and pathogenesis is discussed

Immunopathological properties of the Campylobacter jejuni flagellins and the adhesin CadF as assessed in a clinical murine infection model

Background: Campylobacter jejuni infections constitute serious threats to human health with increasing prevalences worldwide. Our knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions is still limited. Our group has established a clinical C. jejuni infection model based on abiotic IL-10-/- mice mimicking key features of human campylobacteriosis. In order to further validate this model for unraveling pathogen-host interactions mounting in acute disease, we here surveyed the immunopathological features of the important C. jejuni virulence factors FlaA and FlaB and the major adhesin CadF (Campylobacter adhesin to fibronectin), which play a role in bacterial motility, protein secretion and adhesion, respectively. Methods and results: Therefore, abiotic IL-10-/- mice were perorally infected with C. jejuni strain 81-176 (WT) or with its isogenic flaA/B (ΔflaA/B) or cadF (ΔcadF) deletion mutants. Cultural analyses revealed that WT and ΔcadF but not ΔflaA/B bacteria stably colonized the stomach, duodenum and ileum, whereas all three strains were present in the colon at comparably high loads on day 6 post-infection. Remarkably, despite high colonic colonization densities, murine infection with the ΔflaA/B strain did not result in overt campylobacteriosis, whereas mice infected with ΔcadF or WT were suffering from acute enterocolitis at day 6 post-infection. These symptoms coincided with pronounced pro-inflammatory immune responses, not only in the intestinal tract, but also in other organs such as the liver and kidneys and were accompanied with systemic inflammatory responses as indicated by increased serum MCP-1 concentrations following C. jejuni ΔcadF or WT, but not ΔflaA/B strain infection. Conclusion: For the first time, our observations revealed that the C. jejuni flagellins A/B, but not adhesion mediated by CadF, are essential for inducing murine campylobacteriosis. Furthermore, the secondary abiotic IL-10-/- infection model has been proven suitable not only for detailed investigations of immunological aspects of campylobacteriosis, but also for differential analyses of the roles of distinct C. jejuni virulence factors in induction and progression of disease