15 research outputs found
Instrumentation des phases initiales du projet architectural pour le choix des matériaux
Ces recherches questionnent lâintĂ©gration des dimensions techniques, Ă©cologiques et sensibles des matĂ©riaux dans des outils dâaide Ă la conception pour la contribution Ă la genĂšse dâidĂ©es fondatrices, Ă la dĂ©ïŹnition dâun ou des parti(s), ou concept(s) propres aux phases initiales de projet.The work presented here concerns possible aids to the design process in matters relating to the technical, ecological and sensual dimensions of materials. The aim is to facilitate the making of wellâfounded basic choices, to accompany the process of defining individual design components (or sets of them), and to encourage the development of fresh concepts in the initial phases of the design process
Urban Climate, Human behavior & Energy consumption: from LCZ mapping to simulation and urban planning (the MapUCE project)
International audienceThe MApUCE project aims to integrate in urban policies and most relevant legal documents quantitative data from urban microclimate, climate and energy.The primary objective of this project is to obtain climate and energy quantitative data from numerical simulations, focusing on urban microclimate and building energy consumption in the residential and service sectors, which represents in France 41% of the final energy consumption. Both aspects are coupled as building energy consumption is highly meteorologically dependent (e.g. domestic heating, air-conditioning) and heat waste impact the Urban Heat Island. We propose to develop, using national databases, a generic and automated method for generating Local Climate Zones (LCZ) for all cities in France, including the urban architectural, geographical and sociological parameters necessary for energy and microclimate simulations.As will be presented, previous projects on adaptation of cities to climate change have shown that human behavior is a very potent level to address energy consumption reduction, as much as urban forms or architectural technologies. Therefore, in order to further refine the coupled urban climate and energy consumption calculations, we will develop within TEB (and its Building Energy Module) a model of energy consumer behavior.The second objective of the project is to propose a methodology to integrate quantitative data in urban policies. Lawyers analyze the potential levers in legal and planning documents. A few âbest casesâ are also studied, in order to evaluate their performances. Finally, based on urban planning agencies requirements, we will define vectors to include quantified energy-climate data to legal urban planning documents. These vectors have to be understandable by urban planners and contain the relevant information.To meet these challenges, the project is organized around strongly interdisciplinary partners in the following fields: law, urban climate, building energetics, architecture, sociology, geography and meteorology, as well as the national federation of urban planning agencies.In terms of results, the cross-analysis of input urban parameters and urban micro-climate-energy simulated data will be available on-line as standardized maps for each of the studied cities. The urban parameter production tool as well as the models will be available as open-source. LCZ and associated urban (and social!) indicators may be integrated within the WUDAPT database
Design support tools to integrate technical, ecological and sensible dimensions of building materials
Les choix des matĂ©riaux et de leurs procĂ©dĂ©s de mise en oeuvre connaissent et vont connaĂźtre des Ă©volutions marquantes dans le monde de lâarchitecture. A lâĂ©poque actuelle, les Ă©volutions sont largement induites par les techniques, mais aussi les reprĂ©sentations et les prĂ©ceptes qui apparaissent avec lâĂ©mergence de la notion de dĂ©veloppement durable dans notre sociĂ©tĂ©.Les outils dâaide Ă la conception existants Ă lâĂ©chelle des matĂ©riaux portent principalement sur les dimensions physiques (thermique, cycle de vie des matĂ©riaux, consommations, etc.). Nos travaux se questionnent sur lâintĂ©gration des dimensions techniques, Ă©cologiques et sensibles des matĂ©riaux dans un outil dâaide Ă la conception basĂ© sur lâutilisation de la rĂ©fĂ©rence. LâactivitĂ© rĂ©fĂ©rentielle est une approche propre aux phases initiales de projet. Ces phases correspondent aux premiĂšres propositions dĂ©cisives, qui restent peu assistĂ©es par les outils numĂ©riques.Nos travaux visent Ă mettre en Ă©vidence les diffĂ©rentes caractĂ©ristiques des matĂ©riaux, mais surtout leurs interactions. Cette Ă©tude se distingue des approches classiques des matĂ©riaux, oĂč gĂ©nĂ©ralement les diffĂ©rentes solutions constructives sont prĂ©sentĂ©es matĂ©riau par matĂ©riau. En effet, nous nous basons sur une structuration de donnĂ©es et de connaissances interdisciplinaires (architecture, urbanisme, paysage, aspects esthĂ©tiques, aspects techniques, aspects cognitifs, approche de la perception, approche environnementale, etc.).Ces recherches tendent vers une premiĂšre proposition dâun outil dâaide Ă la conception nommĂ© DILEMâMAtĂ©riaux qui prend en compte les diffĂ©rentes dimensions des matĂ©riaux dans leur contribution Ă la genĂšse dâidĂ©es fondatrices, Ă la dĂ©finition dâun ou des parti(s), ou concept(s) propres aux phases initiales de projetThe choice of materials and way of implementation is known and will be known as a significant growth in the world of architecture. Actually, changes are largely induced by technical dimension, but also representations and precepts that appear with the emergence of the concept of sustainable development in our society.Design support tools about materials scale focus on the physical dimensions (thermal, life cycle, refreshments, etc.). Our work is questioning the integration of technical, environmental and sensible dimensions in a design support tool based on reference. The referential activity is a specific approach in the initial phases of designing on a project. These phases correspond to crucial choice, which remain poorly assisted by digital tools.Our work aims to highlight the different characteristics of materials, but also their interactions. This study differs from conventional approaches of materials, which generally, constructive solutions are presented material by material. Indeed, we rely on a data structure and interdisciplinary knowledge (architecture, urbanism, landscape, aesthetic, technical, cognitive, perception approach, environmental approach, etc.).This research tends to be a first proposal for a design support tool named DILEM'MAtĂ©riaux that takes into account materials in their contribution to origin of founding ideas and definition of concept, in the initial phases of designing on a project
Vers des outils d'aide à la conception pour intégrer les dimensions techniques, écologiques et sensibles des matériaux de construction
Les choix des matĂ©riaux et de leurs procĂ©dĂ©s de mise en oeuvre connaissent et vont connaĂźtre des Ă©volutions marquantes dans le monde de l architecture. A l Ă©poque actuelle, les Ă©volutions sont largement induites par les techniques, mais aussi les reprĂ©sentations et les prĂ©ceptes qui apparaissent avec l Ă©mergence de la notion de dĂ©veloppement durable dans notre sociĂ©tĂ©.Les outils d aide Ă la conception existants Ă l Ă©chelle des matĂ©riaux portent principalement sur les dimensions physiques (thermique, cycle de vie des matĂ©riaux, consommations, etc.). Nos travaux se questionnent sur l intĂ©gration des dimensions techniques, Ă©cologiques et sensibles des matĂ©riaux dans un outil d aide Ă la conception basĂ© sur l utilisation de la rĂ©fĂ©rence. L activitĂ© rĂ©fĂ©rentielle est une approche propre aux phases initiales de projet. Ces phases correspondent aux premiĂšres propositions dĂ©cisives, qui restent peu assistĂ©es par les outils numĂ©riques.Nos travaux visent Ă mettre en Ă©vidence les diffĂ©rentes caractĂ©ristiques des matĂ©riaux, mais surtout leurs interactions. Cette Ă©tude se distingue des approches classiques des matĂ©riaux, oĂč gĂ©nĂ©ralement les diffĂ©rentes solutions constructives sont prĂ©sentĂ©es matĂ©riau par matĂ©riau. En effet, nous nous basons sur une structuration de donnĂ©es et de connaissances interdisciplinaires (architecture, urbanisme, paysage, aspects esthĂ©tiques, aspects techniques, aspects cognitifs, approche de la perception, approche environnementale, etc.).Ces recherches tendent vers une premiĂšre proposition d un outil d aide Ă la conception nommĂ© DILEM MAtĂ©riaux qui prend en compte les diffĂ©rentes dimensions des matĂ©riaux dans leur contribution Ă la genĂšse d idĂ©es fondatrices, Ă la dĂ©finition d un ou des parti(s), ou concept(s) propres aux phases initiales de projetThe choice of materials and way of implementation is known and will be known as a significant growth in the world of architecture. Actually, changes are largely induced by technical dimension, but also representations and precepts that appear with the emergence of the concept of sustainable development in our society.Design support tools about materials scale focus on the physical dimensions (thermal, life cycle, refreshments, etc.). Our work is questioning the integration of technical, environmental and sensible dimensions in a design support tool based on reference. The referential activity is a specific approach in the initial phases of designing on a project. These phases correspond to crucial choice, which remain poorly assisted by digital tools.Our work aims to highlight the different characteristics of materials, but also their interactions. This study differs from conventional approaches of materials, which generally, constructive solutions are presented material by material. Indeed, we rely on a data structure and interdisciplinary knowledge (architecture, urbanism, landscape, aesthetic, technical, cognitive, perception approach, environmental approach, etc.).This research tends to be a first proposal for a design support tool named DILEM'MAtĂ©riaux that takes into account materials in their contribution to origin of founding ideas and definition of concept, in the initial phases of designing on a project.TOULOUSE-INSA-Bib. electronique (315559905) / SudocSudocFranceF
GENIUS, a methodology to integer building scale data into urban microclimate and energy consumption modelling
International audienceAccurate simulation of the city energy balance requires studying the thermal behaviour of buildings and therefore requires knowing many details: at least the buildings geometries, their envelope materials and surroundings ground covering. For instance, information on shape and location of a building are useful to assess the performance of solar panels; information on the materiality of the facades, make it possible to estimate solar gains through the windows and therefore to perform building energy balance simulations (Masson, 2000); etc. Consequently, several recent research works have been aiming to integer building scale data into urban scale simulations (microclimate, energy consumption of buildings at the city scale, energy production, etc.). Among those researches, we can quote the WUDAPT project (Ching, 2012) aiming to define a worldwide building database based on the LCZ classification of urban forms (Stewart & Oke, 2009). 2. Problematics The main issue in integrating this type of information to urban scale simulations is the lack of precision of the available data for buildings (Ching et al., 2009). If a limited number of buildings can be very precisely described (through existing Building Information Model (BIM) for instance (Ferries et al., 2014), but also through historical studies or architectural inventories), the data at the city scale remains broadly heterogeneous. In this paper, we will present how we used those localized descriptions of buildings to enrich existing urban database existing at national scale in the context of the MApUCE project (a French research program that aims to integrate quantitative data from urban microclimate, climate and energy in urban policies). 3. Method Our working method, called GENIUS (GENerator of Interactive Urban blockS), was to perform a literature review combined with interviews of urban planners to characterize a typology of urban forms in the whole French territory, and to associate it with a wide database. The key theme of our work concerns the integration of building scale data into urban microclimate and energy consumption modelling. It leads us to formulate the question "how can we characterize the building scale in oder to update, and to make full use of urban simulation tools ?" To answer this question, we have broken down our work into three consecutive sections:-The first section interview urban planners about the differents urban typologies in France. Our aim is to take in account the vision of designers operating processes, in order to identify a system of ranking of urban typology .-The second section covers existing buildings database for identify, characterize intangible datas, such as buildings use, date of construction and buildings location. The aim of this analysis is to create the conditions for identify representative buildings in France.-The third section defines the building scale data. It is supported by a bibliographical study of building materials and systems, architecture and building cultures, conservation, etc. and is aimed at reaching an understanding of how information on building scale can be used for urban simulation tools. To conclude, we define different paths to be developed with the aim of improving the link between scale building data and urban microclimate and energy consumption modelling.
Des bases de données urbaines aux simulations énergétiques - Le projet MApUCE
International audienceUrban energy is a domain that covers many complex processes thatinteract at all scales of the city: the microclimate (the heat island effect), building energy consumption for heating or cooling, inhabitantsâbehav-ior, renewable energyproduction, etc. Few tools take account ofthis level of complexity atthis scale, making the adaptation and mitigation to climate change very difficult to integrate into urban policies and design practices.Within the MApUCEresearch project, which proposes a methodology to carry out simulations of these urban energy processes across all towns and cities in France, we have developed an approach whose objective is to obtain accurate data onbuildingsâcharacteristics andmaterials. It is based on the implementationof an auto-matic method for determining the architectural and urban typologies for all cities of France and an architectural and historical database.The method for determining the typologiesis a comprehensive and automated methodto identify urban typolo-gies at the building and the city block scales. The method usesmorphologicalor sociodemographicindicators (determined from national databases)and makes a classification implementing a supervised learning method based on the "Random Forest".These typologies are coupled with the architectural databaseâs information, through the indication of the buildingsâusage, their date of construction and geographical location allowing to characterize each of the buildings in terms of materiality (albedo, constructive system thermal insulation, etc.), and HVAC systems.L'Ă©nergĂ©tique urbaine est un domaine qui couvre de nombreux pro-cessus complexes interagissant Ă toutes les Ă©chelles de la ville : le microclimat (l'effet d'Ăźlot de chaleur), la consommation Ă©nergĂ©tique des bĂątiments pour le chauffage ou la climatisation, les comportements Ă©nergĂ©tiques des habitants, la production d'Ă©nergie renouvelable, etc. Peu d'outils tiennent compte de ce ni-veau de complexitĂ© Ă cette Ă©chelle, rendant l'adaptation et l'attĂ©nuation aux changements climatiques trĂšs difficiles Ă intĂ©grer dans les politiques urbaines ou les pratiques de conception. Au sein du projet de recherche MApUCE, qui propose une mĂ©thodologie pour effectuer des simulations de ces processus d'Ă©nergĂ©tique urbaine Ă l'Ă©chelle de toutes les communes et villes de France, nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© une approche dont l'objectif est de pouvoir obtenir des donnĂ©es prĂ©cises sur les caractĂ©ristiques et les matĂ©riaux des bĂątiments. Elle est basĂ©e sur la mise en oeuvre d'une mĂ©thode de dĂ©termination automatique des typologies architecturales et urbaines pour toutes les villes de France et d'une base de donnĂ©es architecturale et historique. La mĂ©thode de dĂ©termination des typologies est une mĂ©thode globale et automa-tisĂ©e, dĂ©rivĂ©e de GENIUS, pour identifier les typologies urbaines Ă l'Ă©chelle du bĂątiment et de l'Ăźlot urbain. Elle utilise des indicateurs morphologiques ou so-ciodĂ©mographiques (eux-mĂȘmes dĂ©terminĂ©s Ă partir des bases de donnĂ©es natio-nales) et rĂ©alise une classification mettant en oeuvre une mĂ©thode d'apprentissage supervisĂ© basĂ©e sur les « Random Forest ». Ces typologies sont croisĂ©es avec les informations de la base de donnĂ©es archi-tecturale, au travers de l'indication de l'usage des bĂątiments, leurs dates de construction et leur localisation gĂ©ographique permettant ainsi de caractĂ©riser chacun des bĂątiments en terme de matĂ©rialitĂ© (albĂ©do, systĂšme constructif, isolation thermique, etc.) et de systĂšmes CVC
Transdisciplinarité et interactions complexes entre enjeux, acteurs et échelles: Multiplicités : vers une modélisation énergétique multiscalaire de la morphologie urbaine
International audienceComment la recherche peut-elle aider les professionnels de lâamĂ©nagement du territoire face aux enjeux climatiques et environnementaux auxquels ils doivent faire face ? Câest ce que cet ouvrage, fruit de cinq annĂ©es de recherche urbaine initiĂ©e et soutenue par lâAgence de lâenvironnement et de la maĂźtrise de lâĂ©nergie (Ademe), et rĂ©digĂ© par plus de cinquante chercheurs et techniciens, se propose dâexpliquer. Les protocoles, mĂ©thodologies, outils et logiciels conçus et expĂ©rimentĂ©s dans le cadre des projets de recherche qui sous-tendent les diffĂ©rents textes visent Ă mettre des outils Ă la disposition des concepteurs, amĂ©nageurs, Ă©lus, techniciens, praticiens et futurs praticiens. Il sâagit ici, non pas de donner Ă croire quâune seule mĂ©thode serait applicable quel que soit le contexte (historique, politique, gĂ©ographique, social, culturel, etc.), mais bien de lever des verrous et transmettre des clĂ©s pour concevoir, planifier et entrevoir la maniĂšre de rendre plus durables, dĂ©sirables et partagĂ©s, nos espaces de vie. Câest aussi un plaidoyer pour un croisement des disciplines (urbanisme, amĂ©nagement, architecture, acoustique, psychologie et droit de lâenvironnement, Ă©cologie, sociologie, informatique, Ă©nergĂ©tique, gĂ©nie civil, ingĂ©nierie) qui paraĂźt nĂ©cessaire pour apprĂ©hender finement la complexitĂ© dâun territoire, petit ou grand, le planifier en tenant compte de ses Ă©volutions et pratiques et lâamĂ©nager au mieux
Transdisciplinarité et interactions complexes entre enjeux, acteurs et échelles: Multiplicités : vers une modélisation énergétique multiscalaire de la morphologie urbaine
International audienceComment la recherche peut-elle aider les professionnels de lâamĂ©nagement du territoire face aux enjeux climatiques et environnementaux auxquels ils doivent faire face ? Câest ce que cet ouvrage, fruit de cinq annĂ©es de recherche urbaine initiĂ©e et soutenue par lâAgence de lâenvironnement et de la maĂźtrise de lâĂ©nergie (Ademe), et rĂ©digĂ© par plus de cinquante chercheurs et techniciens, se propose dâexpliquer. Les protocoles, mĂ©thodologies, outils et logiciels conçus et expĂ©rimentĂ©s dans le cadre des projets de recherche qui sous-tendent les diffĂ©rents textes visent Ă mettre des outils Ă la disposition des concepteurs, amĂ©nageurs, Ă©lus, techniciens, praticiens et futurs praticiens. Il sâagit ici, non pas de donner Ă croire quâune seule mĂ©thode serait applicable quel que soit le contexte (historique, politique, gĂ©ographique, social, culturel, etc.), mais bien de lever des verrous et transmettre des clĂ©s pour concevoir, planifier et entrevoir la maniĂšre de rendre plus durables, dĂ©sirables et partagĂ©s, nos espaces de vie. Câest aussi un plaidoyer pour un croisement des disciplines (urbanisme, amĂ©nagement, architecture, acoustique, psychologie et droit de lâenvironnement, Ă©cologie, sociologie, informatique, Ă©nergĂ©tique, gĂ©nie civil, ingĂ©nierie) qui paraĂźt nĂ©cessaire pour apprĂ©hender finement la complexitĂ© dâun territoire, petit ou grand, le planifier en tenant compte de ses Ă©volutions et pratiques et lâamĂ©nager au mieux
Des bases de donnĂ©es urbaines aux simulations Ă©nergĂ©tiques â Le projet MApUCE
International audienceLâĂ©nergĂ©tique urbaine est un domaine qui couvre de nombreux processus complexes interagissant Ă toutes les Ă©chelles de la ville : le microclimat (lâeffet dâĂźlot de chaleur), la consommation Ă©nergĂ©tique des bĂątiments pour le chauffage ou la climatisation, les comportements Ă©nergĂ©tiques des habitants, la production dâĂ©nergie renouvelable, etc. Peu dâoutils tiennent compte de ce niveau de complexitĂ© Ă cette Ă©chelle, rendant lâadaptation et lâattĂ©nuation aux changements climatiques trĂšs difficiles Ă intĂ©grer dans les politiques urbaines ou les pratiques de conception. Au sein du projet de recherche MApUCE, qui propose une mĂ©thodologie pour effectuer des simulations de ces processus dâĂ©nergĂ©tique urbaine Ă lâĂ©chelle de toutes les communes et villes de France, nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© une approche dont lâobjectif est de pouvoir obtenir des donnĂ©es prĂ©cises sur les caractĂ©ristiques et les matĂ©riaux des bĂątiments. Elle est basĂ©e sur la mise en Ćuvre dâune mĂ©thode de dĂ©termination automatique des typologies architecturales et urbaines pour toutes les villes de France et dâune base de donnĂ©es architecturale et historique.La mĂ©thode de dĂ©termination des typologies est une mĂ©thode globale et automatisĂ©e, dĂ©rivĂ©e de GENIUS, pour identifier les typologies urbaines Ă lâĂ©chelle du bĂątiment et de lâĂźlot urbain. Elle utilise des indicateurs morphologiques ou sociodĂ©mographiques (eux-mĂȘmes dĂ©terminĂ©s Ă partir des bases de donnĂ©es nationales) et rĂ©alise une classification mettant en Ćuvre une mĂ©thode dâapprentissage supervisĂ© basĂ©e sur les « Random Forest ». Ces typologies sont croisĂ©es avec les informations de la base de donnĂ©es architecturale, au travers de lâindication de lâusage des bĂątiments, leurs dates de construction et leur localisation gĂ©ographique permettant ainsi de caractĂ©riser chacun des bĂątiments en terme de matĂ©rialitĂ© (albĂ©do, systĂšme constructif, isolation thermique, etc.) et de systĂšmes CVC