20 research outputs found
Worldwide variations in artificial skyglow
Open access journalDespite constituting a widespread and significant environmental change, understanding of artificial nighttime skyglow is extremely limited. Until now, published monitoring studies have been local or regional in scope, and typically of short duration. In this first major international compilation of monitoring data we answer several key questions about skyglow properties. Skyglow is observed to vary over four orders of magnitude, a range hundreds of times larger than was the case before artificial light. Nearly all of the study sites were polluted by artificial light. A non-linear relationship is observed between the sky brightness on clear and overcast nights, with a change in behavior near the rural to urban landuse transition. Overcast skies ranged from a third darker to almost 18 times brighter than clear. Clear sky radiances estimated by the World Atlas of Artificial Night Sky Brightness were found to be overestimated by ~25%; our dataset will play an important role in the calibration and ground truthing of future skyglow models. Most of the brightly lit sites darkened as the night progressed, typically by ~5% per hour. The great variation in skyglow radiance observed from site-to-site and with changing meteorological conditions underlines the need for a long-term international monitoring program.MILIEU (FU Berlin)Federal Ministry of Education and Research, GermanyEU COST Action ES1204 (Loss of the Night Network)European Research Council (ERC) under the EU's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013)panish Network for Light Pollution StudiesNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (Goddard Space Flight Center)Ohio State UniversityUniversity of IowaThe Adam Mickiewicz Universit
Cloud Coverage Acts as an Amplifier for Ecological Light Pollution in Urban Ecosystems
The diurnal cycle of light and dark is one of the strongest environmental factors for life on Earth. Many species in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems use the level of ambient light to regulate their metabolism, growth, and behavior. The sky glow caused by artificial lighting from urban areas disrupts this natural cycle, and has been shown to impact the behavior of organisms, even many kilometers away from the light sources. It could be hypothesized that factors that increase the luminance of the sky amplify the degree of this “ecological light pollution”. We show that cloud coverage dramatically amplifies the sky luminance, by a factor of 10.1 for one location inside of Berlin and by a factor of 2.8 at 32 km from the city center. We also show that inside of the city overcast nights are brighter than clear rural moonlit nights, by a factor of 4.1. These results have important implications for choronobiological and chronoecological studies in urban areas, where this amplification effect has previously not been considered
Airborne remote sensing and in situ measurements of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> to quantify point source emissions
Reliable techniques to infer greenhouse gas emission rates from localised
sources require accurate measurement and inversion approaches. In this study
airborne remote sensing observations of CO2 by the MAMAP instrument
and airborne in situ measurements are used to infer emission estimates of
carbon dioxide released from a cluster of coal-fired power plants. The study
area is complex due to sources being located in close proximity and
overlapping associated carbon dioxide plumes. For the analysis of in situ
data, a mass balance approach is described and applied, whereas for the
remote sensing observations an inverse Gaussian plume model is used in
addition to a mass balance technique. A comparison between methods shows that
results for all methods agree within 10 % or better with uncertainties of
10 to 30 % for cases in which in situ measurements were made for the complete
vertical plume extent. The computed emissions for individual power plants are
in agreement with results derived from emission factors and energy production
data for the time of the overflight
Airborne remote sensing and in situ measurements of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> to quantify point source emissions
Reliable techniques to infer greenhouse gas emission rates from localised
sources require accurate measurement and inversion approaches. In this study
airborne remote sensing observations of CO2 by the MAMAP instrument
and airborne in situ measurements are used to infer emission estimates of
carbon dioxide released from a cluster of coal-fired power plants. The study
area is complex due to sources being located in close proximity and
overlapping associated carbon dioxide plumes. For the analysis of in situ
data, a mass balance approach is described and applied, whereas for the
remote sensing observations an inverse Gaussian plume model is used in
addition to a mass balance technique. A comparison between methods shows that
results for all methods agree within 10 % or better with uncertainties of
10 to 30 % for cases in which in situ measurements were made for the complete
vertical plume extent. The computed emissions for individual power plants are
in agreement with results derived from emission factors and energy production
data for the time of the overflight
Intercomparison of four airborne imaging DOAS systems for tropospheric NO2 mapping - the AROMAPEX campaign
We present an intercomparison study of four airborne imaging DOAS instruments, dedicated to the retrieval and high-resolution mapping of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) vertical column densities (VCDs). The AROMAPEX campaign took place in Berlin, Germany, in April 2016 with the primary objective to test and intercompare the performance of experimental airborne imagers. The imaging DOAS instruments were operated simultaneously from two manned aircraft, performing synchronised flights: APEX (VITO–BIRA-IASB) was operated from DLR's DO-228 D-CFFU aircraft at 6.2 km in altitude, while AirMAP (IUP-Bremen), SWING (BIRA-IASB), and SBI (TNO–TU Delft–KNMI) were operated from the FUB Cessna 207T D-EAFU at 3.1 km. Two synchronised flights took place on 21 April 2016. NO2 slant columns were retrieved by applying differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) in the visible wavelength region and converted to VCDs by the computation of appropriate air mass factors (AMFs). Finally, the NO2 VCDs were georeferenced and mapped at high spatial resolution. For the sake of harmonising the different data sets, efforts were made to agree on a common set of parameter settings, AMF look-up table, and gridding algorithm. The NO2 horizontal distribution, observed by the different DOAS imagers, shows very similar spatial patterns. The NO2 field is dominated by two large plumes related to industrial compounds, crossing the city from west to east. The major highways A100 and A113 are also identified as line sources of NO2. Retrieved NO2 VCDs range between 1×1015 molec cm−2 upwind of the city and 20×1015 molec cm−2 in the dominant plume, with a mean of 7.3±1.8×1015 molec cm−2 for the morning flight and between 1 and 23×1015 molec cm−2 with a mean of 6.0±1.4×1015 molec cm−2 for the afternoon flight. The mean NO2 VCD retrieval errors are in the range of 22 % to 36 % for all sensors. The four data sets are in good agreement with Pearson correlation coefficients better than 0.9, while the linear regression analyses show slopes close to unity and generally small intercepts.Atmospheric Remote Sensin
High-resolution airborne imaging DOAS-measurements of NO<sub>2</sub> above Bucharest during AROMAT
In this study we report on airborne imaging DOAS measurements of NO2 from two flights performed in Bucharest during the AROMAT campaign (Airborne ROmanian Meeasurements of Aerosols an Trace gases) in September 2014. These measurements were performed with the Airborne imaging Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) instrument for Measurements of Atmospheric Pollution (AirMAP) and provide nearly gapless maps of column densities of NO2 below the aircraft with a high spatial resolution of better than 100 m. The airmass factors, which are needed to convert the measured differential Slant Column Densities (dSCDs) to Vertical Column Densities (VCDs) have a strong dependence on the surface reflectance, which has to be accounted for in the retrieval. This is especially important for measurements above urban areas, where the surface properties vary strongly. As the instrument is not radiometrically calibrated, we have developed a method to derive the surface reflectance from measured intensities at the aircraft. This method is based on radiative transfer calculation with SCIATRAN and a reference area for which the surface reflectance is known. While surface properties are clearly seen in the NO2 dSCD results, this effect is successfully corrected for in the VCD results. Furthermore we investigate the influence of aerosols on the retrieval for a variety of aerosol profiles that were measured in the context of the AROMAT campaigns. The results of two research flights are presented which reveal distinct horizontal distribution patterns and strong spatial gradients of NO2 across the city. Pollution levels range from background values in the outskirts located upwind of the city to about 4 × 1016 molec cm−2 in the polluted city center. Validation against two co-located mobile car-DOAS measurements yields good agreement between the datasets with correlation cofficients of R = 0.94 and R = 0.85, respectively. Estimations on the NOx emission rate of Bucharest for the two flights yield emission rates of 15.1 ± 9.4 mol s−1 and 13.6 ± 8.4 mol s−1, respectively
Spatial variation of aerosol optical properties around the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.)
Journal of Mediterranean Studies Volume 18, Number 1: 2008 CONTENTS Festivals, Games, and Ludic Performances as a New Potential Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Mediterranean World Laurent-Sébastien Fournier Some Notes on Tourism and the Revitalisation of of Calendrical Festivals in Europe Jeremy Boissevain Inventing Local Traditions, becoming a Local Brand: Creators of Ludic Performances on a Croatian Island Nevena Skrbic Alempijevic Private Space and Public Performance: Questioning the ..
Intercomparison of four airborne imaging DOAS systems for tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> mapping – the AROMAPEX campaign
We present an intercomparison study
of four airborne imaging DOAS instruments, dedicated to the retrieval and
high-resolution mapping of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) vertical
column densities (VCDs). The AROMAPEX campaign took place in Berlin, Germany,
in April 2016 with the primary objective to test and intercompare the
performance of experimental airborne imagers. The imaging DOAS instruments
were operated simultaneously from two manned aircraft, performing
synchronised flights: APEX (VITO–BIRA-IASB) was operated from DLR's DO-228
D-CFFU aircraft at 6.2 km in altitude, while AirMAP (IUP-Bremen), SWING
(BIRA-IASB), and SBI (TNO–TU Delft–KNMI) were operated from the FUB Cessna
207T D-EAFU at 3.1 km. Two synchronised flights took place on 21 April 2016.
NO2 slant columns were retrieved by applying differential optical
absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) in the visible wavelength region and converted
to VCDs by the computation of appropriate air mass factors (AMFs). Finally,
the NO2 VCDs were georeferenced and mapped at high spatial resolution.
For the sake of harmonising the different data sets, efforts were made to
agree on a common set of parameter settings, AMF look-up table, and gridding algorithm.
The NO2 horizontal distribution, observed by the different DOAS
imagers, shows very similar spatial patterns. The NO2 field is
dominated by two large plumes related to industrial compounds, crossing the
city from west to east. The major highways A100 and A113 are also identified
as line sources of NO2. Retrieved NO2 VCDs range between
1×1015 molec cm−2 upwind of the city and 20×1015 molec cm−2 in the dominant
plume, with a mean of 7.3±1.8×1015 molec cm−2 for the morning flight and between
1 and 23×1015 molec cm−2 with a mean of 6.0±1.4×1015 molec cm−2 for the afternoon flight. The mean NO2 VCD retrieval
errors are in the range of 22 % to 36 % for all sensors. The four data sets
are in good agreement with Pearson correlation coefficients better than 0.9,
while the linear regression analyses show slopes close to unity and generally
small intercepts.</p
The Small Whiskbroom Imager for atmospheric compositioN monitorinG (SWING) and its operations from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) during the AROMAT campaign
The Small Whiskbroom Imager for atmospheric compositioN monitorinG (SWING) is
a compact remote sensing instrument dedicated to mapping trace gases from an
unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). SWING is based on a compact visible
spectrometer and a scanning mirror to collect scattered sunlight. Its weight,
size, and power consumption are respectively 920 g,
27 cm × 12 cm × 8 cm, and 6 W. SWING was
developed in parallel with a 2.5 m flying-wing UAV. This unmanned
aircraft is electrically powered, has a typical airspeed of
100 km h−1, and can operate at a maximum altitude of
3 km.
We present SWING-UAV experiments performed in Romania on 11 September 2014
during the Airborne ROmanian Measurements of Aerosols and Trace gases
(AROMAT) campaign, which was dedicated to test newly developed instruments in
the context of air quality satellite validation. The UAV was operated up to
700 m above ground, in the vicinity of the large power plant of
Turceni (44.67° N, 23.41° E; 116 m a. s. l. ). These
SWING-UAV flights were coincident with another airborne experiment using the
Airborne imaging differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS)
instrument for Measurements of Atmospheric Pollution (AirMAP), and with
ground-based DOAS, lidar, and balloon-borne in situ observations.
The spectra recorded during the SWING-UAV flights are analysed with the DOAS
technique. This analysis reveals NO2 differential slant column
densities (DSCDs) up to 13±0.6×1016 molec cm−2.
These NO2 DSCDs are converted to vertical column densities (VCDs) by
estimating air mass factors. The resulting NO2 VCDs are up to
4.7±0.4×1016 molec cm−2. The water vapour DSCD
measurements, up to 8±0.15×1022 molec cm−2, are used
to estimate a volume mixing ratio of water vapour in the boundary layer of
0.013±0.002 mol mol−1. These geophysical quantities are
validated with the coincident measurements