Crashworthy Perforated Square Steel Tube (PSST) Mailbox Support – Phase I

Federal requirements have made it mandatory that safe mailbox support systems be designed to yield or breakaway whenimpacted by a vehicle. The Nebraska Department of Transportation (NDOT) has previously used a non-proprietary, U-channel post mailbox support that was evaluated at the Midwest Roadside Safety Facility (MwRSF) in the 1980\u27s. NDOT desires that the mailbox support be updated to meet MASH 2016 TL-3 safety performance criteria and be redesigned to use perforated square steel tubing (PSST) for the mailbox support post. The objective of this research project is to develop a non-proprietary mailbox support using PSST support posts that is MASH TL-3 compliant. Following a literature review, single and double PSST mailbox support prototypes were developed. The performance of these prototypes was investigated through dynamic component testing under impact conditions similar to MASH test no. 3-61 with a non-compliant, surrogate 1100C vehicle. Test no. NMB-1 impacted both the single and dual PSST mailbox supports in a single vehicle pass at angles of 0- and 10 degrees, respectively. Both PSST mailbox support options performed adequately in the dynamic testing with no issues observed with respect to occupant risk values or occupant compartment deformation or penetration. Recommendations were made following the testing regarding further research and testing of different mailbox configurations and critical impact angles

Improved Models of Cable-to-Post Attachments for High-Tension Cable Barriers

Computer simulation models were developed to analyze and evaluate a new cable-to-post attachment for high-tension cable barriers. The models replicated the performance of a keyway bolt currently used in the design of a high-tension cable median barrier being developed at the Midwest Roadside Safety Facility. Component tests of the keyway bolts were simulated and compared to the component test results. Accurate friction, fracture strain, and stress-strain material properties were determined for a solid element model of the keyway bolt by applying actual load curve measured from the test to a simulated pull cable. By simulating the material properties of the solid element keyway bolt in bending, torsion, and tension of a rod, load curves were developed for a simplified beam element model of the keyway bolt as well. When material properties were finalized, the solid and beam element models of the keyway bolt were inserted in bogie test models and simulated again. By analyzing the bogie testing results, it was determined that due to the very small size of the keyway bolt and potential contact difficulties, solid element models of the keyway bolt may be impractical for full-scale simulation purposes. However, the beam element models were determined to be advantageous and had a very small computational cost in comparison

Dynamic strength of a modified W-beam BCT trailing-end termination system

W-beam systems utilize end-terminal anchorages to develop tension upstream and downstream of an impact event. However, the capacities of the anchorage components under impact loading are not well known. One such W-beam end anchorage system, the Midwest guardrail system (MGS) trailing-end anchorage, was evaluated using three dynamic component tests _ a soil foundation tube pull test, a breakaway cable terminal (BCT) post splitting test, and an MGS end anchorage system pull test. The peak load recorded during a soil foundation tube test was 193 kN at 56 mm deflection, as measured at the ground line. BCT posts split at loads of 17.8 and 32.9 kN. The end-anchorage tensile capacity was 156 kN, dissipating 64.7 kJ. Results from the component tests were also used to create and validate nonlinear finite element models of the components in order to be used for future design and analysis of end anchorages

Cable Median Barrier Failure Analysis and Remediation Phase II

Cable median barrier crashes from a total of 12 states were analyzed. Crash data included scene diagrams, photographs, and field measurements, crash narratives, although the availability of data in each crash varied. Major contributors to penetration crash propensity were identified: diving underride, in which the front end of the vehicle dropped below the bottom cable; prying, in which the vehicle profile caused cable separation or lifting; override; bouncing override, in which the vehicle rebounded after contact with the back slope and bounced over the top of the barrier; system failure, in which one component failure or design failure prevented the cables from adequately engaging the vehicle; and large vehicle crashes, such as tractor trailers, buses, and single-unit trucks into TL-3 systems. Major contributors to rollover were identified: steep median slopes, in which the slope caused unstable bouncing or abrupt changes in slope profiles acted as trip points for the tires; broadside skid, in which the vehicle was skidding with a sideslip angle of nearly 90 degrees prior to contact with the barrier; contact with post, in which the post acted as a trip point; and other factors such as towing trailer units, median anomalies, or with large vehicles such as tractor-trailers, buses, or motor homes. Recommended improvements to cable median barrier systems included: minimum top cable height of 35 in. (890 mm); maximum top cable height of 15 in. (381 mm); minimum of 4 cables supported by posts; higher lateral cable-to-post attachment strength at bottom and lower strength at top; low strong-axis strength post sections; and to eliminate cable entrapment in a vertical slot in the post when initial cable contact occurs at a post location. A summary of factors and how they contributed to penetration, rollover, and severe crash probability is shown in Table 1

PHASE I ASSESSMENT OF GUARDRAIL LENGTH-OF-NEED

Report No. TRP-03-284-1

Data-Driven Development of a Roadside Safety Marketing Campaign for Tree Removal – Phase I

Since the 1970s, tree crashes have been one of the most common and deadly fixed-object fatal crash types, resulting in more than 3,000 fatal crashes and 3,500 fatalities each year. While fatal tree crashes could be prevented by removing trees adjacent to the roadway, an extensive national tree removal project would be unnecessary, cost-prohibitive, and would experience significant political resistance. The Midwest Pooled Fund Program jointly funded a research study to develop marketing methods and approaches which would focus on tree removal, replacement, or relocation in the most critical areas. Researchers conducted an extensive background investigation into tree crashes, other available studies that reviewed and analyzed tree crash data, and various state DOT and local safety-related marketing campaigns. Researchers also investigated state and local recommendations for clear zone requirements adjacent to various road classes, and issued a survey to state DOTs to obtain local perspectives of marketing and advertising plans. Finally, researchers collected over 400,000 tree and utility pole crashes from 12 different states over a five-year period to analyze the crash data and tabulate results. Draft marketing and advertising plans were developed to demonstrate the type of safety advertising techniques and messages which could be used to inform and influence the public regarding the danger of roadside trees and the importance of tree removal

Vehicle-to-barrier communication during real-world vehicle crash tests

Vehicle-to-barrier (V2B) communication is expected to facilitate wireless interactions between vehicles and roadside barriers in next-generation intelligent transportation systems. V2B systems will help mitigate single-vehicle, run-off-road crashes, which account for more than 50% of roadside crash fatalities. In this work, the characteristics of the wireless channel prior to and during a crash are analyzed using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) techniques, which has been used in existing vehicular communication systems. More specifically, the performance of OFDM-based V2B links are measured in real-world crash tests for the first time. Three crash tests conducted at the Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, Lincoln, Nebraska, are reported: a bogie vehicle crashing into a soil-embedded post at 27 mph, a sedan crashing to a concrete curb at 15 mph, and a pickup crashing to a steel barrier at 62 mph. Metrics including signal to interference plus noise ratio received signal strength, error vector magnitude, phase error, channel coherence, and bit error rate, are used to illustrate the impacts of antenna type, antenna deployment, speed, and mobility during the crash tests. The empirical evidence shows that barrier-height (0.7–0.9 m) antennas at the barrier can improve V2B signal quality compared to higher deployments (≥1.5 m) due to the stronger reflection of electromagnetic waves at a larger angle of incidence. Moreover, compared to omni-directional barrier antennas, directional barrier antennas can increase signal quality, connectivity, and coherence time of V2B channel because of reduced multi-path effects, however, the antenna orientation needs to be carefully determined to maintain connectivity

MGS Dynamic Deflections and Working Widths at Lower Speeds

The Midwest Guardrail System (MGS) has been full-scale crash tested in many configurations, including installations adjacent to slopes, with different types of wood posts, with and without blockouts, for culvert and bridge applications, and at high flare rates. Although the performance of the MGS and the dynamic deflection and working width of the barrier have been examined, little is known about the dynamic deflection and working width of the MGS when impacted at lower speeds. The MGS is a relatively low-cost barrier, and the Test Level 3 (TL-3) version could be installed for TL-2 and TL-1 applications. The barrier is expected to capture or redirect errant vehicles impacting at speeds less than or equal to those used for crash testing according to TL-3of the Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH). Accurate dynamic deflections and working widths of the MGS when impacted at lower speeds are critical for the safe placement of guardrail to reduce the likelihood of vehicle impact with a shielded hazard in the Zone of Intrusion (ZOI) for use on level terrain and in combination with curbs. LS-DYNA computer simulation models of a 2007 Chevrolet Silverado impacting both a tangent MGS and MGS in combination with a curb at a 6-ft 3-in. (1.9-m) post spacing (i.e., standard post spacing) were calibrated against previous crash tests. Then, the model was simulated with two lower speeds and at five impact locations with a conservative soil model to determine the maximum dynamic deflection and working width of the system at TL-1 and TL-2 impact conditions of MASH