Empire and national character: British imperialism in books from the "Third Reich"

This thesis examines the variety of representations and rhetorical deployments of the theme of British Imperialism within books published in the “Third Reich”. The thesis considers these books not only as vehicles for particular ideas and arguments but also as consumer objects and therefore as the product of a series of compromises between the needs of a host of actors, both official and commercial. It further traces the origins of the component parts of these texts via the history of reuse of images and extracts and by identifying earlier examples of particular tropes of “Englishness” and the British Empire. British imperial history was a rich source of material for National Socialist writers and educators to draw on and lent itself to a wide variety of arguments. Britain could be, in turns, a symbol of “Nordic” strength, a civilisation in decline, a natural ally and protector of Germany, or a weak, corrupt, outdated entity, controlled by Germany’s supposed enemies. Drawing on a long tradition of comparing European colonial records, the British Empire was also used as a benchmark for Germany’s former imperial achievements, particularly in moral arguments regarding the treatment of indigenous populations. Through its focus on books, which were less ephemeral than media such as newspaper and magazine articles, radio broadcasts or newsreels, the thesis demonstrates how newer writings sought to recontextualise older material in the light of changing circumstances. Through managing the context in which earlier British and Anglophile material was read, doubt could be cast on the integrity of such views and on the trustworthiness of what was styled as the “English national character”. This demonisation of Britain through her imperial record became a key focus of Anglophobic books published in Germany during the Second World War

Empire and national character: British imperialism in books from the "Third Reich"

This thesis examines the variety of representations and rhetorical deployments of the theme of British Imperialism within books published in the “Third Reich”. The thesis considers these books not only as vehicles for particular ideas and arguments but also as consumer objects and therefore as the product of a series of compromises between the needs of a host of actors, both official and commercial. It further traces the origins of the component parts of these texts via the history of reuse of images and extracts and by identifying earlier examples of particular tropes of “Englishness” and the British Empire. British imperial history was a rich source of material for National Socialist writers and educators to draw on and lent itself to a wide variety of arguments. Britain could be, in turns, a symbol of “Nordic” strength, a civilisation in decline, a natural ally and protector of Germany, or a weak, corrupt, outdated entity, controlled by Germany’s supposed enemies. Drawing on a long tradition of comparing European colonial records, the British Empire was also used as a benchmark for Germany’s former imperial achievements, particularly in moral arguments regarding the treatment of indigenous populations. Through its focus on books, which were less ephemeral than media such as newspaper and magazine articles, radio broadcasts or newsreels, the thesis demonstrates how newer writings sought to recontextualise older material in the light of changing circumstances. Through managing the context in which earlier British and Anglophile material was read, doubt could be cast on the integrity of such views and on the trustworthiness of what was styled as the “English national character”. This demonisation of Britain through her imperial record became a key focus of Anglophobic books published in Germany during the Second World War

Biomechanical Response to Changes in Natural Turf during Running and Turning

publication-status: Publishedtypes: Article© Human Kinetics Inc, 2011Integrated biomechanical and engineering assessments were used to determine how humans responded to variations in turf during running and turning. Ground reaction force (AMTI, 960 Hz) and kinematic data (Vicon Peak Motus, 120 Hz) were collected from eight participants during running (3.83 m/s) and turning (10 trials per condition) on three natural turf surfaces in the laboratory. Surface hardness (Clegg hammer) and shear strength (cruciform shear vane) were measured before and after participant testing. Peak loading rate during running was significantly higher (p < .05) on the least hard surface (sandy; 101.48 BW/s ± 23.3) compared with clay (84.67 BW/s ± 22.9). There were no significant differences in running kinematics. Compared with the “medium” condition, fifth MTP impact velocities during turning were significantly (RM-ANOVA, p < .05) lower on clay (resultant: 2.30 m/s [± 0.68] compared with 2.64 m/s [± 0.70]), which was significantly (p < .05) harder “after” and had the greatest shear strength both “before” and “after” participant testing. This unique finding suggests that further study of foot impact velocities are important to increase understanding of overuse injury mechanisms

Raw acceleration from wrist- and hip-worn accelerometers corresponds with mechanical loading in children and adolescents

This is the final version. Available on open access from MDPI via the DOI in this recordData Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between peak magnitudes of raw acceleration (g) from wrist- and hip-worn accelerometers and ground reaction force (GRF) variables in a large sample of children and adolescents. A total of 269 participants (127 boys, 142 girls; age: 12.3 ± 2.0 yr) performed walking, running, jumping (5 cm) and single-leg hopping on a force plate. A GENEActiv accelerometer was worn on the left wrist, and an Actigraph GT3X+ was worn on the right wrist and hip throughout. Mixed-effects linear regression was used to assess the relationships between peak magnitudes of raw acceleration and loading. Raw acceleration from both wrist and hip-worn accelerometers was strongly and significantly associated with loading (all p’s < 0.05). Body mass and maturity status (pre/post-PHV) were also significantly associated with loading, whereas age, sex and height were not identified as significant predictors. The final models for the GENEActiv wrist, Actigraph wrist and Actigraph hip explained 81.1%, 81.9% and 79.9% of the variation in loading, respectively. This study demonstrates that wrist- and hip-worn accelerometers that output raw acceleration are appropriate for use to monitor the loading exerted on the skeleton and are able to detect short bursts of high-intensity activity that are pertinent to bone health.Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC

The relationship between the raw acceleration signal from a commercially available accelerometer and ground reaction force

PublishedPoster presentation. 2nd International Congress on Ambulatory Monitoring of Physical Activity and Movement Hosted by Glasgow Caledonian University May 2011Accelerometers are increasingly employed to assess relationships between physical activity and health. Output is in proprietary counts, hindering between model comparisons, and translated into time spent at activity intensities based on energy expenditure. Bone mineral density (BMD) is improved by mechanical overload. Thus, in order to use accelerometers to assess activity beneficial to bone, accelerometer output needs to be calibrated against mechanical loading, e.g. ground reaction force (GRF). The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the raw acceleration signal (vertical and resultant over three axes) from a new commercially available accelerometer and mechanical loading

Wrist-worn Accelerometry for Runners: Objective Quantification of Training Load.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to apply open-source analysis code to raw habitual physical activity data from wrist-worn monitors to: 1) objectively, unobtrusively, and accurately discriminate between "running" and "nonrunning" days; and 2) develop and compare simple accelerometer-derived metrics of external training load with existing self-report measures. METHODS: Seven-day wrist-worn accelerometer (GENEActiv; Activinsights Ltd, Kimbolton, UK) data obtained from 35 experienced runners (age, 41.9 ± 11.4 yr; height, 1.72 ± 0.08 m; mass, 68.5 ± 9.7 kg; body mass index, 23.2 ± 2.2 kg·m; 19 [54%] women) every other week over 9 to 18 wk were date-matched with self-reported training log data. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were applied to accelerometer metrics ("Average Acceleration," "Most Active-30mins," "Mins≥400 mg") to discriminate between "running" and "nonrunning" days and cross-validated (leave one out cross-validation). Variance explained in training log criterion metrics (miles, duration, training load) by accelerometer metrics (Mins≥400 mg, "workload (WL) 400-4000 mg") was examined using linear regression with leave one out cross-validation. RESULTS: Most Active-30mins and Mins≥400 mg had >94% accuracy for correctly classifying "running" and "nonrunning" days, with validation indicating robustness. Variance explained in miles, duration, and training load by Mins≥400 mg (67%-76%) and WL400-4000 mg (55%-69%) was high, with validation indicating robustness. CONCLUSIONS: Wrist-worn accelerometer metrics can be used to objectively, unobtrusively, and accurately identify running training days in runners, reducing the need for training logs or user input in future prospective research or commercial activity tracking. The high percentage of variance explained in existing self-reported measures of training load by simple, accelerometer-derived metrics of external training load supports the future use of accelerometry for prospective, preventative, and prescriptive monitoring purposes in runners

Comparability of measured acceleration from accelerometry-based activity monitors

Accelerometers that provide triaxial measured acceleration data are now available. However, equivalence of output between brands cannot be assumed and testing is necessary to determine whether features of the acceleration signal are interchangeable.National Osteoporosis Societ

Polinización de las flores de brachyotum (melastomataceae) por dos especies de diglossa (emberizidae)

Por primera vez se registra a aves del género Diglossa (Emberizidae) aparentemente actuando como polinizadores en forma regular y consistente. Esta interacción involucra flores del género Brachyotum (Melastomataceae). supuestamente especializadas para la polinización por colibríes. Se discuten las posibles adaptaciones morfológicas de las flores, y las posibles implicaciones evolutivas para las plantas de este género, de la polinización por Diglossa.We present the first report of Flower-piercers of the genus Diglossa (Emberizidae) apparently regularly and consistently pollinating flowers supposedly specialized for hummingbird pollination, those of the genus Braehyotum (Melastomataceae). The possible morphological adaptations for, and evolutionary implications of, such pollination for these plants, are discussed

Polinización de las flores de brachyotum (melastomataceae) por dos especies de diglossa (emberizidae)

Por primera vez se registra a aves del género Diglossa (Emberizidae) aparentemente actuando como polinizadores en forma regular y consistente. Esta interacción involucra flores del género Brachyotum (Melastomataceae). supuestamente especializadas para la polinización por colibríes. Se discuten las posibles adaptaciones morfológicas de las flores, y las posibles implicaciones evolutivas para las plantas de este género, de la polinización por Diglossa.We present the first report of Flower-piercers of the genus Diglossa (Emberizidae) apparently regularly and consistently pollinating flowers supposedly specialized for hummingbird pollination, those of the genus Braehyotum (Melastomataceae). The possible morphological adaptations for, and evolutionary implications of, such pollination for these plants, are discussed

Activity Intensity, Volume, and Norms:Utility and Interpretation of Accelerometer Metrics

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins via the DOI in this recordPurpose: The physical activity profile can be described from accelerometer data using two population- independent metrics: average acceleration (ACC, volume) and intensity gradient (IG, intensity). This paper aims to: 1) demonstrate how these metrics can be used to investigate the relative contributions of volume and intensity of physical activity for a range of health markers across datasets; and 2) illustrate the future potential of the metrics for generation of age and sexspecific percentile norms. Methods: Secondary data analyses were carried out on five diverse datasets using wrist-worn accelerometers (ActiGraph/GENEActiv/Axivity): children (N=145), adolescent girls (N=1669), office workers (N=114), pre- (N=1218) and post- (N=1316) menopausal women, and adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) (N=475). Open-source software (GGIR) was used to generate ACC and IG. Health markers were: a) zBMI (children); b) %fat (adolescent girls and adults); c) bone health (pre- and post-menopausal women); and d) physical function (adults with T2D). Results: Multiple regression analyses showed the IG, but not ACC, was independently associated with zBMI/%fat in children and adolescents. In adults, associations were stronger and the effects of ACC and IG were additive. For bone health and physical function, interactions showed associations were strongest if IG was high, largely irrespective of ACC. Exemplar illustrative percentile ‘norms’ showed the expected age-related decline in physical activity, with greater drops in IG across age than ACC. Conclusion: The ACC and IG accelerometer metrics facilitate investigation of whether volume and intensity of physical activity have independent, additive or interactive effects on health markers. Future, adoption of data-driven metrics would facilitate the generation of age- and sexspecific norms that would be beneficial to researchers.National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)Collaboration for leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) East Midland