21 research outputs found
Novedades sobre hongos gasteromicetos, estrellas de tierra y pedos de lobo, del bosque pluvial atlántico brasileño
The goal of this study was to increase the knowledge of gasteroid fungi in Atlantic Forest biome, which is considered one of the most important hot-spots of the world. Field expeditions were carried out in the Reserva Biologica Municipal de Santa Rita Mitzi Brandao area, in the southeastern part of Minas Gerais. 39 samples belonging to 11 species of earthstars and puffballs are new record for Minas Gerais, Geastrum javanicum Lév., Bovista cunninghamii Kreisel, and Lycoperdon lambinonii Demoulin are first records for Brazil. Information about the locality, morphological characters, illustrations of the basidiomata, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the basidiospores, as well as its distribution in Brazil, are given for all species.Con el objetivo de ampliar el conocimiento de la micobiota del bosque atlántico de Brasil, uno de los más importantes centros de biodiversidad del mundo, se llevaron a cabo varias expediciones de campo en el sudeste del estado de Minas Gerais. 39 muestras pertenecientes a 11 especies de hongos gasteromicetos son registradas por primera vez para Minas Gerais, Geastrum javanicum Lév., Bovista cunninghamii Kreisel y Lycoperdon lambinonii Demoulin se citan, además, por primera vez para Brasil. Para cada especie se aporta información sobre la localidad, los caracteres morfológicos, las fotografías de los basidiomas y de la microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) de las basiodiosporas, así como su distribución en Brasil
Path Coercions in English Motion Expressions
Based on morphological and molecular analysis, we describe the new species Geastrum verrucoramulosum, discriminated from other species in the section Exareolata mainly by an elongated, verrucose, branched stipe. This new species is currently known from two forest locations in central and southwestern Amazonia. Species description, images, and taxonomic discussion of both morphological and molecular data are provided. © 2017 The Mycological Society of Japa
The psychological science accelerator’s COVID-19 rapid-response dataset
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Psychological Science Accelerator coordinated three large-scale psychological studies to examine the effects of loss-gain framing, cognitive reappraisals, and autonomy framing manipulations on behavioral intentions and affective measures. The data collected (April to October 2020) included specific measures for each experimental study, a general questionnaire examining health prevention behaviors and COVID-19 experience, geographical and cultural context characterization, and demographic information for each participant. Each participant started the study with the same general questions and then was randomized to complete either one longer experiment or two shorter experiments. Data were provided by 73,223 participants with varying completion rates. Participants completed the survey from 111 geopolitical regions in 44 unique languages/dialects. The anonymized dataset described here is provided in both raw and processed formats to facilitate re-use and further analyses. The dataset offers secondary analytic opportunities to explore coping, framing, and self-determination across a diverse, global sample obtained at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be merged with other time-sampled or geographic data
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The Psychological Science Accelerator’s COVID-19 rapid-response dataset
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Psychological Science Accelerator coordinated three large-scale psychological studies to examine the effects of loss-gain framing, cognitive reappraisals, and autonomy framing manipulations on behavioral intentions and affective measures. The data collected (April to October 2020) included specific measures for each experimental study, a general questionnaire examining health prevention behaviors and COVID-19 experience, geographical and cultural context characterization, and demographic information for each participant. Each participant started the study with the same general questions and then was randomized to complete either one longer experiment or two shorter experiments. Data were provided by 73,223 participants with varying completion rates. Participants completed the survey from 111 geopolitical regions in 44 unique languages/dialects. The anonymized dataset described here is provided in both raw and processed formats to facilitate re-use and further analyses. The dataset offers secondary analytic opportunities to explore coping, framing, and self-determination across a diverse, global sample obtained at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be merged with other time-sampled or geographic data
O gênero Geastrum Pers. (Geastraceae, Basidiomycota): ocorrência, chave taxonômica e descrições de novas espécies do Nordeste brasileiro
Geastraceae is a monophyletic family included in the gomphoid-phalloid clade, it is
composed only by two genus: Geastrum and Myriostoma. These genus are closely
related in their morphology and phylogeny, both showing angiocarpic basidiomata,
apical stoma, basidiospores passively released by the bellows mechanism and
exoperidium dehiscent in rays, these genus are distinct by the number of stomas and
pedicels. Because of dehiscense of exoperidium they are popularly known as
“earthstars”. Usually they occur on decomposing leaf-litter and decaying wood. They
are, thus, saprophytic, with rare exceptions of ectomycorrhizal species. Geastrum is the
most diverse gasteroid genus in Brazil, with an estimated 51 records. However, there are
large gaps in the geographic distribution and systematics studies about the Geastrum in
this country, especially because of the characteristics found in the Brazilian territory
(megadiverse, hotspots and continental size), which makes it a priority area for species
inventory. Thus, this work was aimed at realizing inventory of species of Geastrum,
which occur in Caatinga and Northeastern Atlantic Rainforest. At least two field
expeditions were realized, during about four days on rainy season of 2013 and 2014 in
the areas: Reserva Biológica de Guaribas, located in Atlantic Rainforest domain,
Paraíba State and Reserva Ecológica Estadual Mata do Pau Ferro, located on “Brejos
Paraibanos”, Paraíba State. Furthermore, specimens deposited in the Herbarium of the
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, which were collected in Parque Nacional
Vale do Catimbau, Caatinga of Pernambuco State, were analyzed. The specimens were
identified according to analysis of macro and micro morphology based on specific
literature. Approximately 400 basidiomata, distributed in 73 exsiccates were analyzed.
21 species were identified, 19 are in specie level, which two are proposed to new
species. (Geastrum magnosporum sp. nov. e G. pusillupilosum sp. nov.) and two in
genera level (sp. e aff.). We emphasize one new record for Brazil, 12 new records for
Paraíba State, four new records for semiarid region in Brazil and six new records to
Atlantic Rainforest relicts “Brejo de Altitude”. So, the results improved the knowledge
about Geastrum in Paraíba State by 200%, 24 % in Brazilian semiarid region and 55%
in Atlantic Rainforest relicts “Brejo de Altitude”, evincing that Northeastern Brazil has
high species richness.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESGeastraceae é uma família monofilética pertencente ao clado “gomphoid-phalloid”,
composta apenas por dois gêneros Geastrum e Myriostoma, que são muito próximos
tanto na morfologia quanto na filogenia, ambos apresentam basidiomas angiocárpicos,
poro apical, basidiosporos liberados passivamente através do mecanismo de fole e
exoperídio deiscente em raios, sendo diferenciados pelo número de ostíolos e pedicelos.
Devido à deiscência do exoperídio, são conhecidos popularmente como “estrelas-daterra”.
Ocorrem geralmente degradando liteira ou madeira, sendo, portanto, saprofíticos,
com raras exceções de espécies ectomicorrízicas. Geastrum é um dos gêneros
gasteroides mais diversos no Brasil, com 51 registros. Contudo, existem lacunas de
conhecimento quanto à distribuição geográfica e sistemática deste gênero no país.
Especialmente, devido às características encontradas em território brasileiro
(megavidersidade, “hotspots” e tamanho continetal), as quais o tornam área prioritária
para inventário de espécies. Desta forma, o presente trabalho objetivou realizar
inventariar espécies Geastrum ocorrentes em áreas da Caatinga e Mata Atlântica do
Nordeste. Foram realizadas pelo menos duas expedições de campo, com duração
aproximada de quatro dias, durante períodos de chuva dos anos 2013 e 2014 para as
áreas: Reserva Biológica de Guaribas, localizada no domínio Mata Atlântica da Paraíba
e Reserva Ecológica Estadual Mata do Pau Ferro, localizada nos “Brejos Paraibanos”.
Além disso, foram analisados espécimes depositados no Herbário UFRN-Fungos, os
quais foram coletados no Parque Nacional Vale do Catimbau, Caatinga de Pernambuco.
Os espécimes foram identificados de acordo com a análise de macro e micromorfologia,
seguindo literatura específica. Foram analisados cerca de 400 basidiomas, distribuídos
em 73 exsicatas. Foram identificadas 21 espécies, 19 em nível de espécie, sendo duas
destas propostas como novas espécies (Geastrum magnosporum sp. nov. e G.
pusillupilosum sp. nov.) e duas em nível de gênero (sp. e aff.). Destaca-se um novo
registro para o Brasil, 12 novos registros para o estado da Paraíba, quatro novos
registros para a região Semiárida do Brasil e seis novos registros para a vegetação de
“Brejos de Altitude”. Desta forma, os resultados representam um aumento de 200% no
conhecimento do gênero Geastrum na Paraíba, 24 % no Semiárido e 55% no “Brejo de
Altitude”, demostrando que o Nordeste brasileiro apresenta uma alta riqueza de
espécies
Contribution to Neotropical data of Geastrum section Corollina (Basidiomycota): Two new earth-stars from Caatinga vegetation, Brazil
Novelties of gasteroid fungi, earthstars and puffballs, from the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest
The goal of this study was to increase the knowledge of gasteroid fungi
in Atlantic Forest biome, which is considered one of the most important
hot-spots of the world. Field expeditions were carried out in the Reserva
Biologica Municipal de Santa Rita Mitzi Brandao area, in the southeastern
part of Minas Gerais. 39 samples belonging to 11 species of earthstars
and puffballs are new record for Minas Gerais, Geastrum javanicum Lév.,
Bovista cunninghamii Kreisel, and Lycoperdon lambinonii Demoulin are first
records for Brazil. Information about the locality, morphological characters,
illustrations of the basidiomata, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the
basidiospores, as well as its distribution in Brazil, are given for all species.Con el objetivo de ampliar el conocimiento de la micobiota del bosque
atlántico de Brasil, uno de los más importantes centros de biodiversidad
del mundo, se llevaron a cabo varias expediciones de campo en el sudeste
del estado de Minas Gerais. 39 muestras pertenecientes a 11 especies de
hongos gasteromicetos son registradas por primera vez para Minas Gerais,
Geastrum javanicum Lév., Bovista cunninghamii Kreisel y Lycoperdon lambinonii
Demoulin se citan, además, por primera vez para Brasil. Para cada especie
se aporta información sobre la localidad, los caracteres morfológicos,
las fotografías de los basidiomas y de la microscopía electrónica de barrido
(MEB) de las basiodiosporas, así como su distribución en Brasil
Fungal planet description sheets: 716–784
Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Australia, Chaetopsina eucalypti on Eucalyptus leaf litter, Colletotrichum cobbittiense from Cordyline stricta × C. australis hybrid, Cyanodermella banksiae on Banksia ericifolia subsp. macrantha, Discosia macrozamiae on Macrozamia miquelii, Elsinoë banksiigena on Banksia marginata, Elsinoë elaeocarpi on Elaeocarpus sp., Elsinoë leucopogonis on Leucopogon sp., Helminthosporium livistonae on Livistona australis, Idriellomyces eucalypti (incl. Idriellomyces gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus obliqua, Lareunionomyces eucalypti on Eucalyptus sp., Myrotheciomyces corymbiae (incl. Myrotheciomyces gen. nov., Myrotheciomycetaceae fam. nov.), Neolauriomyces eucalypti (incl. Neolauriomyces gen. nov., Neolauriomycetaceae fam. nov.) on Eucalyptus sp., Nullicamyces eucalypti (incl. Nullicamyces gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus leaf litter, Oidiodendron eucalypti on Eucalyptus maidenii, Paracladophialophora cyperacearum (incl. Paracladophialophoraceae fam. nov.) and Periconia cyperacearum on leaves of Cyperaceae, Porodiplodia livistonae (incl. Porodiplodia gen. nov., Porodiplodiaceae fam. nov.) on Livistona australis, Sporidesmium melaleucae (incl. Sporidesmiales ord. nov.) on Melaleuca sp., Teratosphaeria sieberi on Eucalyptus sieberi, Thecaphora aus-traliensis in capsules of a variant of Oxalis exilis. Brazil, Aspergillus serratalhadensis from soil, Diaporthe pseudo-inconspicua from Poincianella pyramidalis, Fomitiporella pertenuis on dead wood, Geastrum magnosporum on soil, Marquesius aquaticus (incl. Marquesius gen. nov.) from submerged decaying twig and leaves of unidentified plant, Mastigosporella pigmentata from leaves of Qualea parviflorae, Mucor souzae from soil, Mycocalia aquaphila on decaying wood from tidal detritus, Preussia citrullina as endophyte from leaves of Citrullus lanatus, Queiroziella brasiliensis (incl. Queiroziella gen. nov.) as epiphytic yeast on leaves of Portea leptantha, Quixadomyces cearen-sis (incl. Quixadomyces gen. nov.) on decaying bark, Xylophallus clavatus on rotten wood. Canada, Didymella cari on Carum carvi and Coriandrum sativum. Chile, Araucasphaeria foliorum (incl. Araucasphaeria gen. nov.) on Araucaria araucana, Aspergillus tumidus from soil, Lomentospora valparaisensis from soil. Colombia, Corynespora pseudocassiicola on Byrsonima sp., Eucalyptostroma eucalyptorum on Eucalyptus pellita, Neometulocladosporiella eucalypti (incl. Neometulocladosporiella gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla, Tracylla eucalypti (incl. Tracyllaceae fam. nov., Tracyllalales ord. nov.) on Eucalyptus urophylla. Cyprus, Gyromitra anthracobia (incl. Gyromitra subg. Pseudoverpa) on burned soil. Czech Republic, Lecanicillium restrictum from the surface of the wooden barrel, Lecanicillium testudineum from scales of Trachemys scripta elegans. Ecuador, Entoloma yanacolor and Saproamanita quitensis on soil. France, Lentithecium carbonneanum from submerged decorticated Populus branch. Hungary, Pleuromyces hungaricus (incl. Pleuromyces gen. nov.) from a large Fagus sylvatica log. Iran, Zymoseptoria crescenta on Aegilops triuncialis. Malaysia, Ochroconis musicola on Musa sp. Mexico, Cladosporium michoacanense from soil. New Zealand, Acrodontium metrosideri on Metrosideros excelsa, Polynema podocarpi on Podocarpus totara, Pseudoarthrographis phlogis (incl. Pseudoarthrographis gen. nov.) on Phlox subulata. Nigeria, Coprinopsis afrocinerea on soil. Pakistan, Russula mansehraensis on soil under Pinus roxburghii. Russia, Baoran gia alexandri on soil in deciduous forests with Quercus mongolica. South Africa, Didymocyrtis brachylaenae on Brachylaena discolor. Spain, Alfaria dactylis from fruit of Phoenix dactylifera, Dothiora infuscans from a blackened wall, Exophiala nidicola from the nest of an unidentified bird, Matsushimaea monilioides from soil, Terfezia morenoi on soil. United Arab Emirates, Tirmania honrubiae on soil. USA, Arxotrichum wyomingense (incl. Arxotrichum gen. nov.) from soil, Hongkongmyces snookiorum from submerged detritus from a fresh water fen, Leratiomyces tesquorum from soil, Talaromyces tabacinus on leaves of Nicotiana tabacum. Vietnam, Afroboletus vietnamensis on soil in an evergreen tropical forest, Colletotrichum condaoense from Ipomoea pes-caprae. Morphological and culture characteristics along with DNA barcodes are provided. © 2018 Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute
Fungal Planet description sheets: 716–784
Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Australia, Chaetopsina eucalypti on Eucalyptus leaf litter, Colletotrichum cobbittiense from Cordyline stricta × C. australis hybrid, Cyanodermella banksiae on Banksia ericifolia subsp. macrantha, Discosia macrozamiae on Macrozamia miquelii, Elsinoë banksiigena on Banksia marginata, Elsinoë elaeocarpi on Elaeocarpus sp., Elsinoë leucopogonis on Leucopogon sp., Helminthosporium livistonae on Livistona australis, Idriellomyces eucalypti (incl. Idriellomyces gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus obliqua, Lareunionomyces eucalypti on Eucalyptus sp., Myrotheciomyces corymbiae (incl. Myrotheciomyces gen. nov., Myrotheciomycetaceae fam. nov.), Neolauriomyces eucalypti (incl. Neolauriomyces gen. nov., Neolauriomycetaceae fam. nov.) on Eucalyptus sp., Nullicamyces eucalypti (incl. Nullicamyces gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus leaf litter, Oidiodendron eucalypti on Eucalyptus maidenii, Paracladophialophora cyperacearum (incl. Paracladophialophoraceae fam. nov.) and Periconia cyperacearum on leaves of Cyperaceae, Porodiplodia livistonae (incl. Porodiplodia gen. nov., Porodiplodiaceae fam. nov.) on Livistona australis, Sporidesmium melaleucae (incl. Sporidesmiales ord. nov.) on Melaleuca sp., Teratosphaeria sieberi on Eucalyptus sieberi, Thecaphora australiensis in capsules of a variant of Oxalis exilis. Brazil, Aspergillus serratalhadensis from soil, Diaporthe pseudoinconspicua from Poincianella pyramidalis, Fomitiporella pertenuis on dead wood, Geastrum magnosporum on soil, Marquesius aquaticus (incl. Marquesius gen. nov.) from submerged decaying twig and leaves of unidentified plant, Mastigosporella pigmentata from leaves of Qualea parviflorae, Mucor souzae from soil, Mycocalia aquaphila on decaying wood from tidal detritus, Preussia citrullina as endophyte from leaves of Citrullus lanatus, Queiroziella brasiliensis (incl. Queiroziella gen. nov.) as epiphytic yeast on leaves of Portea leptantha, Quixadomyces cearensis (incl. Quixadomyces gen. nov.) on decaying bark, Xylophallus clavatus on rotten wood.Canada, Didymella cari on Carum carvi and Coriandrum sativum. Chile, Araucasphaeria foliorum (incl. Araucasphaeria gen. nov.) on Araucaria araucana, Aspergillus tumidus from soil, Lomentospora valparaisensis from soil. Colombia, Corynespora pseudocassiicola on Byrsonima sp., Eucalyptostroma eucalyptorum on Eucalyptus pellita, Neometulocladosporiella eucalypti (incl. Neometulocladosporiella gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla, Tracylla eucalypti (incl. Tracyllaceae fam. nov., Tracyllalales ord. nov.) on Eucalyptus urophylla. Cyprus, Gyromitra anthracobia (incl. Gyromitra subg. Pseudoverpa) on burned soil. Czech Republic, Lecanicillium restrictum from the surface of the wooden barrel, Lecanicillium testudineum from scales of Trachemys scripta elegans. Ecuador, Entoloma yanacolor and Saproamanita quitensis on soil. France, Lentithecium carbonneanum from submerged decorticated Populus branch. Hungary, Pleuromyces hungaricus (incl. Pleuromyces gen. nov.) from a large Fagus sylvatica log. Iran, Zymoseptoria crescenta on Aegilops triuncialis. Malaysia, Ochroconis musicola on Musa sp. Mexico, Cladosporium michoacanense from soil. New Zealand , Acrodontium metrosideri on Metrosideros excelsa, Polynema podocarpi on Podocarpus totara, Pseudoarthrographis phlogis (incl. Pseudoarthrographis gen. nov.) on Phlox subulata. Nigeria, Coprinopsis afrocinerea on soil. Pakistan, Russula mansehraensis on soil under Pinus roxburghii. Russia, Baorangia alexandri on soil in deciduous forests with Quercus mongolica. South Africa, Didymocyrtis brachylaenae on Brachylaena discolor. Spain, Alfaria dactylis from fruit of Phoenix dactylifera, Dothiora infuscans from a blackened wall, Exophiala nidicola from the nest of an unidentified bird, Matsushimaea monilioides from soil, Terfezia morenoi on soil. United Arab Emirates, Tirmania honrubiae on soil. USA, Arxotrichum wyomingense (incl. Arxotrichum gen. nov.) from soil, Hongkongmyces snookiorum from submerged detritus from a fresh water fen, Leratiomyces tesquorum from soil, Talaromyces tabacinus on leaves of Nicotiana tabacum. Vietnam, Afroboletus vietnamensis on soil in an evergreen tropical forest, Colletotrichum condaoense from Ipomoea pes-caprae. Morphological and culture characteristics along with DNA barcodes are provided.The study of Olga V. Morozova and Tatiana Yu.
Svetasheva was carried out within the framework of an institutional research
project of the Komarov Botanical Institute RAS ‘Biodiversity and spatial structure
of fungi and myxomycetes communities in natural and anthropogenic
ecosystems’ (АААА-А18-118031290108-6) using equipment of its Core
Facility Center ‘Cell and Molecular Technologies in Plant Science’. Alina
V. Alexandrova acknowledges financial support from the Russian Science
Foundation (project N 14-50-00029).Daniela de A. Viana Marques acknowledges Universidade de Pernambuco
for financial support. Jan Borovička is thanked for providing the Portuguese
collection of Baorangia emileorum and its ITS and LSU sequences, and Alessia
Tatti for sending the Sardinian collections of B. emileorum. Taimy Cantillo,
Luis F.P. Gusmão, Luana T. do Carmo, Lucas B. Conceição, Julieth O. Sousa,
Luiz F. de Oliveira, Renan N. Barbosa, Rhudson H.S.F. Cruz, André L.C.M.
de A. Santiago, Carlos A.F. de Souza, Diogo X. Lima, Rafael J.V. de Oliveira
and Thalline R.L. Cordeiro, Olinto L. Pereira, Rejane M.F. Silva, Rafael J.V.
Oliveira, José L. Bezerra, Gladstone A. Silva Ciro R. Félix, Melissa F. Landell,
Thays G.L. Oliveira, Jadson D.P. Bezerra, Alexandre R. Machado, Cristina M.
Souza-Motta and Oliane M. C. Magalhães, Tatiana B. Gibertoni, Vitor Xavier
de Lima and José R. C. Oliveira-Filho acknowledge financial support and/or
scholarships from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível
Superior (CAPES), the Conselho Nacional do Desenvolvimento Científico e
Tecnológico (CNPq) and the Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia de
Pernambuco (FACEPE); the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de
Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da
Biodiversidade (ICMBio), Parque Memorial Zumbi dos Palmares and Usina
Caeté – Grupo Carlos Lyra and Nordesta AS for suport during field trips.Maria E. Ordoñez and colleagues acknowledge the Secretaria de Educación
Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación del Ecuador (SENESCYT), Arca
de Noé Initiative, and the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, project
N13415 for financial support. Hugo Madrid was partially funded by Comisión
Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT), Fondo Nacional
de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT), Chile, project
no. 11140562. Vit Hubka and colleagues express their gratitude to Marek
Kiecoň, Pavel Malík and Tereza Krasnokutská (National Heritage Institute) for
providing information on archaeological research; Hana Rajhelová (Silesian
University in Opava) and Jitka Koubková (Veterinary Laboratory Labvet) for
providing photo documentation and material for mycological examinations;
Czechoslovak Microscopy Society for support (CSMS scholarship 2016). The
research of V. Hubka was supported by Charles University Research Centre
program No. 204069 and the grant of the Czech Ministry of Health (AZV
17-31269A). Alfredo Vizzini and colleagues thank Jan Holec for administering
of the loan of European material from PRM herbarium (Prague, Czech
Republic). Soňa Jančovičová helped with the line drawings. Jozef Šibík and
David Cooper are acknowledged for the support during the field collections
in Colorado (USA) that was financed by the Slovak American Foundation.The sequencing of samples was funded by the Slovak national project Vega
02/0018/18. Željko Jurjević acknowledges Filomena Epifani and Sammy
Sedky for their excellent technical support. Malka Saba acknowledges the
Higher Education Commission (HEC), Islamabad, Pakistan, for financial
assistance during field trips in Pakistan and the Slovak national project
APVV-15-0210 for sequencing of Russula mansehraensis. The research
of Alena Nováková and Miroslav Kolařík was supported by the Ministry of
Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (grant number LO1509).
Asunción Morte, Juan Julián Bordallo and Antonio Rodríguez were supported
by projects 19484/PI/14 (FEDER and Fundación Séneca - Agencia de Ciencia
y Tecnología de la Región de Murcia, Spain) and CGL2016-78946-R (AEI
and FEDER, UE); they also thank Aurelio Garcia Blanco, Andries Gouws,
Tom de Wet, Ali Hassan and Faisal Abdullab for their observations and assistance
with field work. Daniel B. Raudabaugh and colleagues thank the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation
and Natural Resources, Pennsylvania Bureau of State Parks, and Black
Moshannon State Park for research support, the Mycological Society of
America and University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign School of Integrative
Biology for financial support, and Michael Woodley for field support. Cheryl
Armstrong-Cho and Sabine Banniza acknowledge funding and support by
the Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture, the Western Grains Research
Foundation, the Herb, Spice and Specialty Agriculture Association and the
Saskatchewan Crop Insurance Corporation. Shuming Luo and colleagues
thank Mui-keng Tan for helpful advice during this study.Peer reviewe