Citation and Alignment: Scholarship Outside and Inside the Codex

We describe a hierarchical approach to modeling text that allows machine-actionable canonical citation of text at many levels of specificity. This model address the problem of overlapping or mutually exclusive analyses. In turn, this flexibility in citation allows rich linking of textual transcriptions and other data to regions-of-interest on digital images, of particular value to codicological and paleographic study. Our examples are from work on Byzantine manuscripts containing Greek epic poetry and scholarly commentary, but our approach can apply to any image-based project in documenting books, manuscripts, inscriptions or other text-bearing surfaces

Applying Domain Knowledge from Structured Citation Formats to Text and Data Mining: Examples Using the CITE Architecture

Domain knowledge expressed in structured citation formats can be exploited in data mining. We propose four structural properties of canonically cited texts, then look at to two classic problems in the study of the scholia, or ancient scholarly commentary, found in the manuscripts of the Iliad. We cluster citations of scholia to analyze their distribution in different manuscripts; this leads to a revised view of how the manuscripts\u27 scribes drew on their source material. Correlated frequencies of named entities suggest that one group of manuscripts had access to material more closely based on the work of the greatest Hellenistic editor of Homer, Aristarchus of Samothrace

Interplay of phase boundary anisotropy and electro-autocatalytic surface reactions on the lithium intercalation dynamics in LiX_XFePO4_4 platelet-like nanoparticles

Experiments on single crystal Li$_X$FePO$_4$ (LFP) nanoparticles indicate rich nonequilibrium phase behavior, such as suppression of phase separation at high lithiation rates, striped patterns of coherent phase boundaries, nucleation by binarysolid surface wetting and intercalation waves. These observations have been successfully predicted (prior to the experiments) by 1D depth-averaged phase-field models, which neglect any subsurface phase separation. In this paper, using an electro-chemo-mechanical phase-field model, we investigate the coherent non-equilibrium subsurface phase morphologies that develop in the $ab$- plane of platelet-like single-crystal platelet-like Li$_X$FePO$_4$ nanoparticles. Finite element simulations are performed for 2D plane-stress conditions in the $ab$- plane, and validated by 3D simulations, showing similar results. We show that the anisotropy of the interfacial tension tensor, coupled with electroautocatalytic surface intercalation reactions, plays a crucial role in determining the subsurface phase morphology. With isotropic interfacial tension, subsurface phase separation is observed, independent of the reaction kinetics, but for strong anisotropy, phase separation is controlled by surface reactions, as assumed in 1D models. Moreover, the driven intercalation reaction suppresses phase separation during lithiation, while enhancing it during delithiation, by electro-autocatalysis, in quantitative agreement with {\it in operando} imaging experiments in single-crystalline nanoparticles, given measured reaction rate constants

NXFit: A program for simultaneously fitting X-ray and neutron diffraction pair-distribution functions to provide optimized structural parameters

NXFit is a program for obtaining optimized structural parameters from amorphous materials by simultaneously fitting X-ray and neutron pair-distribution functions. Partial correlation functions are generated in Q space, summed and Fourier transformed for comparison with the experimental data in r space. NXFit uses the Nelder-Mead method to vary a set of 'best guess' parameters to achieve a fit to experimentally derived data. The output parameters from NXFit are coordination number, atomic separation and disorder parameter for each atomic correlation used in the fitting process. The use of NXFit has been demonstrated by fitting both X-ray and neutron diffraction data from two quite different amorphous materials: a melt-quenched (Na2O) 0.5(P2O5)0.5glass and a (TiO2)0.18(SiO2)0.82sol-gel

Parnassus: Classical Journal (Volume 5, 2017)

Parnassus is an undergraduate journal published by the College of the Holy Cross in conjunction with the Classics Department. Parnassus\u27 mission is to share the passion of Holy Cross students for the ancient world. All pieces aim to be generally understandable, allowing the field to be more accessible to non-specialists in the community.https://crossworks.holycross.edu/parnassus/1004/thumbnail.jp

Inherited electrophoretic variants detected in a Japanese population with two-dimensional gels of erythrocyte lysates

Genetic variation has been studied in erythrocyte lysates from 100 Japanese children and their parents by means of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fifty-five polypeptides selected without respect to variability were considered suitable for scoring. Genetic variation was encountered in 14 of these polypeptides. Family data show that the segregation of 13 variants is consistent with an autosomal codominant mode of inheritance; the remaining variant exhibits a sex-linked mode of inheritance. Of 8 presumably identical polypeptides found variable in Japanese and/or Caucasians, differences in the occurrence or allele frequencies of polymorphisms were recognized for four. Contrary to the experience of some investigators, the amount of variation and the ethnic differences we are encountering indicate that two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is a sensitive tool for the study of genetic events.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65555/1/j.1469-1809.1986.tb01753.x.pd

Pharmacological inhibition of myostatin protects against skeletal muscle atrophy and weakness after anterior cruciate ligament tear

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are among the most frequent knee injuries in sports medicine, with tear rates in the US up to 250,000 per year. Many patients who suffer from ACL tears have persistent atrophy and weakness even after considerable rehabilitation. Myostatin is a cytokine that directly induces muscle atrophy, and previous studies rodent models and patients have demonstrated an upregulation of myostatin after ACL tear. Using a preclinical rat model, our objective was to determine if the use of a bioneutralizing antibody against myostatin could prevent muscle atrophy and weakness after ACL tear. Rats underwent a surgically induced ACL tear and were treated with either a bioneutralizing antibody against myostatin (10B3, GlaxoSmithKline) or a sham antibody (E1‐82.15, GlaxoSmithKline). Muscles were harvested at either 7 or 21 days after induction of a tear to measure changes in contractile function, fiber size, and genes involved in muscle atrophy and hypertrophy. These time points were selected to evaluate early and later changes in muscle structure and function. Compared to the sham antibody group, 7 days after ACL tear, myostatin inhibition reduced the expression of proteolytic genes and induced the expression of hypertrophy genes. These early changes in gene expression lead to a 22% increase in muscle fiber cross‐sectional area and a 10% improvement in maximum isometric force production that were observed 21 days after ACL tear. Overall, myostatin inhibition lead to several favorable, although modest, changes in molecular biomarkers of muscle regeneration and reduced muscle atrophy and weakness following ACL tear. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2499–2505, 2017Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/139079/1/jor23537_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/139079/2/jor23537-sup-0001-SuppTab-S1.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/139079/3/jor23537.pd

Effects of ZnO addition on thermal properties, degradation and biocompatibility of P45Mg24Ca16Na(15−x)Znx glasses

Four phosphate-based glass formulations in the system P45Mg24Ca16Na(15-x)Znx, referred to as P45Znx (x = 0, 5, 10 and 15 mol%), were prepared using a melt quenching process. The effect of ZnO addition on density, molar volume, thermal properties and degradation rates were studied. An increase in the glass transition, crystallisation, melting and liquidus temperatures were seen when replacing Na2O with ZnO. The molar volume of the bulk glasses was seen to decrease with increasing ZnO content. The dissolution rate of the zinc-free glass was 2.48 × 10-8 kg m-2 s-1 and addition of 5 mol% ZnO resulted in a reduction of the dissolution rate to 1.68 × 10-8 kg m-2 s-1. However, further addition of ZnO from 5 mol% to 15 mol% increased the dissolution rate of the glass system. The glasses were deliberately crystallised and XRD studies identified the Z n2P2O7 phase for glass code P45Zn5, and Zn(PO3)2 phase for P45Zn10 and P45Zn15 glasses. Cyto-compatibility studies were conducted using MG63 cells for 14 days. An overall increase in the metabolic activity and DNA concentration of cells was seen from day 1 to day 14 for all glass formulations investigated. However, increasing ZnO content from 0 to 15 mol% seemed to have a negative effect on the cellular activity. Interestingly, a remarkably higher ALP activity was seen at day 14 for glass codes P45Zn5 and P45Zn10 in comparison with the TCP control and the P45Zn0 glass

HIV Types, Groups, Subtypes and Recombinant Forms: Errors in Replication, Selection Pressure and Quasispecies

HIV-1 is a chimpanzee virus which was transmitted to humans by several zoonotic events resulting in infection with HIV-1 groups M P, and in parallel transmission events from sooty mangabey monkey viruses leading to infections with HIV-2 groups A H. Both viruses have circulated in the human population for about 80 years. In the infected patient, HIV mutates, and by elimination of some of the viruses by the action of the immune system individual quasispecies are formed. Along with the selection of the fittest viruses, mutation and recombination after superinfection with HIV from different groups or subtypes have resulted in the diversity of their patterns of geographic distribution. Despite the high variability observed, some essential parts of the HIV genome are highly conserved. Viral diversity is further facilitated in some parts of the HIV genome by drug selection pressure and may also be enhanced by different genetic factors, including HLA in patients from different regions of the world. Viral and human genetic factors influence pathogenesis. Viral genetic factors are proteins such as Tat, Vif and Rev. Human genetic factors associated with a better clinical outcome are proteins such as APOBEC, langerin, tetherin and chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and HLA B27, B57, DRB1{*}1303, KIR and PARD3B. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Base