6,325 research outputs found
Staying in the science stream: patterns of participation in A-level science subjects in the UK.
This paper describes patterns of participation and attainment in A-level physics, chemistry and biology from 1961 to 2009. The A-level has long been seen as an important gateway qualification for higher level study, particularly in the sciences. This long term overview examines how recruitment to these three subjects has changed in the context of numerous policies and initiatives that seek to retain more young people in the sciences. The results show that recruitment to the pure sciences has stagnated, general trends have hardly varied and the track record of government policy in influencing change is not strong. There is no evidence for increasing achievement gaps between the sexes at A-level and even national policy requiring that all young people study science up to the age of 16 appears to have had little impact on recruitment at this leve
Resolving the wave-vector in negative refractive media: The sign of
We address the general issue of resolving the wave-vector in complex
electromagnetic media including negative refractive media. This requires us to
make a physical choice for the sign of a square-root imposed merely by
conditions of causality. By considering the analytic behaviour of the
wave-vector in the complex plane, it is shown that there are a total of eight
physically distinct cases in the four quadrants of two Riemann sheets.Comment: 3 pages, 2 figures, RevTe
So many genes, so little time: A practical approach to divergence-time estimation in the genomic era
Phylogenomic datasets have been successfully used to address questions involving evolutionary relationships, patterns of genome structure, signatures of selection, and gene and genome duplications. However, despite the recent explosion in genomic and transcriptomic data, the utility of these data sources for efficient divergence-time inference remains unexamined. Phylogenomic datasets pose two distinct problems for divergence-time estimation: (i) the volume of data makes inference of the entire dataset intractable, and (ii) the extent of underlying topological and rate heterogeneity across genes makes model mis-specification a real concern. âGene shoppingâ, wherein a phylogenomic dataset is winnowed to a set of genes with desirable properties, represents an alternative approach that holds promise in alleviating these issues. We implemented an approach for phylogenomic datasets (available in SortaDate) that filters genes by three criteria: (i) clock-likeness, (ii) reasonable tree length (i.e., discernible information content), and (iii) least topological conflict with a focal species tree (presumed to have already been inferred). Such a winnowing procedure ensures that errors associated with model (both clock and topology) mis-specification are minimized, therefore reducing error in divergence-time estimation. We demonstrated the efficacy of this approach through simulation and applied it to published animal (Aves, Diplopoda, and Hymenoptera) and plant (carnivorous Caryophyllales, broad Caryophyllales, and Vitales) phylogenomic datasets. By quantifying rate heterogeneity across both genes and lineages we found that every empirical dataset examined included genes with clock-like, or nearly clock-like, behavior. Moreover, many datasets had genes that were clock-like, exhibited reasonable evolutionary rates, and were mostly compatible with the species tree. We identified overlap in age estimates when analyzing these filtered genes under strict clock and uncorrelated lognormal (UCLN) models. However, this overlap was often due to imprecise estimates from the UCLN model. We find that âgene shoppingâ can be an efficient approach to divergence-time inference for phylogenomic datasets that may otherwise be characterized by extensive gene tree heterogeneity
Background Studies for the Neutral Current Detector Array in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
An array of 3He-filled proportional counters will be used in the Sudbury
Neutrino Observatory to measure the neutral-current interaction of neutrinos
and deuterium. We describe the backgrounds to this detection method.Comment: Accepted for publication in the proceedings of TAUP99. 2 page
The future for African air transport: learning from Ethiopian Airlines
The African air transport market has been a laggard in development, remaining encircled by a plethora of problematic issues that curtailed its expansion and prosperity for decades. Regulatory restrictions, protectionism, inadequate infrastructure and prolonged loss making periods are regularly correlated with the plights of African carriers. Ethiopian Airlines is disrupting this negative manifestation and is exponentially expanding its African and international network footprint, enshrined in continuously profitability. The research quantifies that it is Africaâs most successful airline through a POA analysis by aggregating a series of pertinent airline indices to derive its prominence from amongst its peers. Three key pillars were deduced that specifically correlated with Ethiopian Airlinesâ continued prosperity and can be used as template, which included a large intra-African network, a strong hub with multiple wave permutations for onward connecting traffic and forging a deep strategic partnership with a regional based African carrier
Market Developments on Chinese International Air Passenger Markets in Light of COVID-19 Policy Measures
The worldâs governments imposed a plethora of restrictions and quarantine rules to prevent the rapid spread of COVID-19. China was chosen for this study as it was the first market
to be impacted. The overall aim of this paper was to analyse international air travel to and from China since the start of COVID-19 and to assess the impact of policy initiatives on seat capacity during this time. The key findings are that implementation of the so called Five one policy in March
2020 was associated with an almost immediate reduction in seat capacity on China to the rest of the world, partially suppressing the more typical impact of underlying GDP and air fares on capacity. It was further found that Chinese international gateways, as airports with substantial proportions of international and connecting traffic, remain the most distressed. Long haul international traffic and revenues from European and North American destinations all experienced unprecedented and sharp reductions. Traffic and revenues from other Asian markets was even more sporadic. Alarmingly, the study extracted that revenues from premium classes were deteriorating much faster than economy
class, which is of imminent concern for long-haul carriers reliant on premium traffic coming into the pandemic
Reliability of functional outcome measures in adults with neurofibromatosis 1
Objectives: To determine intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of functional outcome measures in adults with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) and to ascertain how closely objective and subjective measures align.
Methods: Forty-nine ambulant adults with NF1 aged 16 years and over were included in this observational study. Median age 31 years (range 16-66), 29 females, 20 males. Participants were video-recorded or photographed performing four functional outcome measures. Four raters from the Neurofibromatosis centre multi-disciplinary team independently scored the measures to determine inter-rater reliability. One rater scored the measures a second time on a separate occasion to determine intra-rater reliability. The measures evaluated were the functional reach, timed up and go, ten metre walk and a modified nine-hole peg tests. Participants also completed a disease specific quality of life questionnaire (INF1-QOL).
Results: Inter-rater reliability and intra-rater reliability scores (intra-class coefficient, ICC) were similar for each outcome measure. Excellent rater agreement (ICC r â„ 0.9) was found for the functional reach, timed up and go and the 10 metre walk tests. Rater agreement was good for the modified 9-hole peg test; ICC r= 0.75 for intra-rater reliability and 0.76 for inter-rater reliability. The timed up and go and the 10 metre walk tests correlated highly with perceived mobility challenges in the quality of life questionnaire (INF1-QOL).
Conclusions: The functional reach, timed up and go and 10 metre walk tests are potentially useful outcome measures for monitoring NF1 treatment and will be assessed for validity and reliability in future multi-centre studies
Cerebral oedema with coning in diabetic keto-acidosis: Report of 2 survivors
Two children presented with a first episode of diabetic ketoacidosis. Initially both patients made a good clinical and biochemical recovery, but suddenly developed neurological signs consistent with a diagnosis of tentorial herniation. Cranial computed tomography showed signs of cerebral oedema in both cases with evidence of uncal and tentorial herniation in 1 patient, which resolved after the appropriate treatment. The excellent neurological outcome emphasises the need for early recognition and treatment of sudden onset brain oedema in diabetic keto-acidosis
Arguments for a "U.S. Kamioka": SNOLab and its Implications for North American Underground Science Planning
We argue for a cost-effective, long-term North American underground science
strategy based on partnership with Canada and initial construction of a modest
U.S. Stage I laboratory designed to complement SNOLab. We show, by reviewing
the requirements of detectors now in the R&D phase, that SNOLab and a properly
designed U.S. Stage I facility would be capable of meeting the needs of North
America's next wave of underground experiments. We discuss one opportunity for
creating a Stage I laboratory, the Pioneer tunnel in Washington State, a site
that could be developed to provide dedicated, clean, horizontal access. This
unused tunnel, part of the deepest (1040 m) tunnel system in the U.S., would
allow the U.S. to establish, at low risk and low cost, a laboratory at a depth
(2.12 km.w.e., or kilometers of water equivalent) quite similar to that of the
Japanese laboratory Kamioka (2.04 km.w.e.). We describe studies of cosmic ray
attenuation important to properly locating such a laboratory, and the tunnel
improvements that would be required to produce an optimal Stage I facility. We
also discuss possibilities for far-future Stage II (3.62 km.w.e.) and Stage III
(5.00 km.w.e.) developments at the Pioneer tunnel, should future North American
needs for deep space exceed that available at SNOLab.Comment: 23 pages, 10 figures; revised version includes discusion about
neutrino-factory magic baseline
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