Planta de producción de ácido fórmico

Este proyecto es el diseño de una planta química situada en Igualada con una producción en continuo de 75.000 toneladas año de ácido fórmico. El ácido fórmico se produce mediante una reacción de carbonilación a partir de metanol (100% puro) y monóxido de carbono utilizando como catalizador metóxido de sodio. Posteriormente se realizará una hidrólisis del formiato de metilo obtenido para producir ácido fórmico. A más a más del diseño, también se presenta un estudio de viabilidad y operación de la planta. Se tratan temas de seguridad y medi ambiente con la finalidad de poder aproximar este proyecto téorico a una posible construcción real dentro del marco legal.Aquest projecte és el disseny d'una planta química situada a Igualada amb un producció en continu de 75.000 tones anual de àcid fòrmic. L'àcid fòrmic es produeix mitjançant una reacció de carbonilació a partir de metanol (100% de puresa) i monòxid de carboni utilitzant com a catalitzador metòxid de sodi. Posteriorment es realitzarà una hidròlisi del formiat de metil obtingut per produir àcid fòrmic. A més del disseny, també es presenta un estudi de viabilitat i d'operació de la planta. Es tracten temes de seguretat i medi ambient amb la finalitat de poder aproximar aquest projecte teòric a una possible construcció real dins del marc legal

Mortality after surgery in Europe: a 7 day cohort study

Background: Clinical outcomes after major surgery are poorly described at the national level. Evidence of heterogeneity between hospitals and health-care systems suggests potential to improve care for patients but this potential remains unconfirmed. The European Surgical Outcomes Study was an international study designed to assess outcomes after non-cardiac surgery in Europe.Methods: We did this 7 day cohort study between April 4 and April 11, 2011. We collected data describing consecutive patients aged 16 years and older undergoing inpatient non-cardiac surgery in 498 hospitals across 28 European nations. Patients were followed up for a maximum of 60 days. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcome measures were duration of hospital stay and admission to critical care. We used χ² and Fisher’s exact tests to compare categorical variables and the t test or the Mann-Whitney U test to compare continuous variables. Significance was set at p<0·05. We constructed multilevel logistic regression models to adjust for the differences in mortality rates between countries.Findings: We included 46 539 patients, of whom 1855 (4%) died before hospital discharge. 3599 (8%) patients were admitted to critical care after surgery with a median length of stay of 1·2 days (IQR 0·9–3·6). 1358 (73%) patients who died were not admitted to critical care at any stage after surgery. Crude mortality rates varied widely between countries (from 1·2% [95% CI 0·0–3·0] for Iceland to 21·5% [16·9–26·2] for Latvia). After adjustment for confounding variables, important differences remained between countries when compared with the UK, the country with the largest dataset (OR range from 0·44 [95% CI 0·19 1·05; p=0·06] for Finland to 6·92 [2·37–20·27; p=0·0004] for Poland).Interpretation: The mortality rate for patients undergoing inpatient non-cardiac surgery was higher than anticipated. Variations in mortality between countries suggest the need for national and international strategies to improve care for this group of patients.Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Society of Anaesthesiology