The State of Global Air Quality Funding 2022

The only global snapshot of clean air funding from donor governments and philanthropic foundations. This report highlights funding trends and gaps in 2015-2021, as well as recommendations for smarter investment for people and planet.99% of the world's population breathes air that exceeds World Health Organization air quality guidelines. Cleaning the air is a massive opportunity to improve public health and climate change. Because air pollution and climate change are mainly caused by burning fossil fuels, these problems can be tackled together. By addressing these issues in isolation, funders and policymakers drastically overlook the potential of clean air to realise multiple health, social and sustainable economic benefits.Our fourth annual report is the only global snapshot of projects funded by international development funders and philanthropic foundations to tackle air pollution. We identify gaps in funding, and opportunities for strategic investment and collaboration for systemic change.?As the world prepares for COP27 in Egypt, we call for more joined up policies and funding to address air pollution, climate change and unsustainable economic growth simultaneously. This report provides recommendations for decision makers, policy makers and philanthropic foundations

The Relationship of Age and Other Baseline Factors to Outcome of Initial Surgery for Intermittent Exotropia

Purpose: To determine whether age at surgery is associated with surgical outcome of intermittent exotropia (IXT) at 3 years. Design: Secondary analysis of pooled data from a randomized trial. Methods: A total of 197 children 3 to <11 years of age with basic-type IXT of 15-40 prism diopters (Δ) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 surgical procedures for treatment of intermittent exotropia. Masked examinations were conducted every 6 months for 3 years. The primary outcome was suboptimal surgical outcome by 3 years, defined as constant or intermittent exotropia of ≥10 Δ at distance or near by simultaneous prism and cover test (SPCT); constant esotropia of ≥6 Δ at distance or near by SPCT; or decrease in near stereoacuity of ≥2 octaves, at any masked examination; or reoperation without meeting any of these criteria. Results: The cumulative probability of a suboptimal surgical outcome by 3 years was 28% (19 of 72) for children 3 to <5 years of age, compared with 50% (57 of 125) for children 5 to <11 years of age (adjusted hazard ratio = 2.05; 95% confidence interval = 1.16 to 3.60). No statistically significant associations were found between suboptimal outcome and other baseline factors (magnitude of deviation, control score, fixation preference, or near stereoacuity) (P values ≥ .20). Conclusions: This analysis suggests that in children with IXT, younger age at surgery (3 to <5 years) is associated with better surgical outcomes; however, further evidence from a randomized trial comparing immediate with delayed surgery is needed for confirmation

Non-bee insects are important contributors to global crop pollination

Wild and managed bees are well documented as effective pollinators of global crops of economic importance. However, the contributions by pollinators other than bees have been little explored despite their potential to contribute to crop production and stability in the face of environmental change. Non-bee pollinators include flies, beetles, moths, butterflies, wasps, ants, birds, and bats, among others. Here we focus on non-bee insects and synthesize 39 field studies from five continents that directly measured the crop pollination services provided by non-bees, honey bees, and other bees to compare the relative contributions of these taxa. Non-bees performed 25–50% of the total number of flower visits. Although non-bees were less effective pollinators than bees per flower visit, they made more visits; thus these two factors compensated for each other, resulting in pollination services rendered by non-bees that were similar to those provided by bees. In the subset of studies that measured fruit set, fruit set increased with non-bee insect visits independently of bee visitation rates, indicating that non-bee insects provide a unique benefit that is not provided by bees. We also show that non-bee insects are not as reliant as bees on the presence of remnant natural or seminatural habitat in the surrounding landscape. These results strongly suggest that non-bee insect pollinators play a significant role in global crop production and respond differently than bees to landscape structure, probably making their crop pollination services more robust to changes in land use. Non-bee insects provide a valuable service and provide potential insurance against bee population declines

Prodepth: Predict Residue Depth by Support Vector Regression Approach from Protein Sequences Only

Residue depth (RD) is a solvent exposure measure that complements the information provided by conventional accessible surface area (ASA) and describes to what extent a residue is buried in the protein structure space. Previous studies have established that RD is correlated with several protein properties, such as protein stability, residue conservation and amino acid types. Accurate prediction of RD has many potentially important applications in the field of structural bioinformatics, for example, facilitating the identification of functionally important residues, or residues in the folding nucleus, or enzyme active sites from sequence information. In this work, we introduce an efficient approach that uses support vector regression to quantify the relationship between RD and protein sequence. We systematically investigated eight different sequence encoding schemes including both local and global sequence characteristics and examined their respective prediction performances. For the objective evaluation of our approach, we used 5-fold cross-validation to assess the prediction accuracies and showed that the overall best performance could be achieved with a correlation coefficient (CC) of 0.71 between the observed and predicted RD values and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.74, after incorporating the relevant multiple sequence features. The results suggest that residue depth could be reliably predicted solely from protein primary sequences: local sequence environments are the major determinants, while global sequence features could influence the prediction performance marginally. We highlight two examples as a comparison in order to illustrate the applicability of this approach. We also discuss the potential implications of this new structural parameter in the field of protein structure prediction and homology modeling. This method might prove to be a powerful tool for sequence analysis

Report from the Annual Conference of the British Society of Echocardiography, November 2017, Edinburgh International Conference Centre, Edinburgh

No abstract available

DESIGN AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURE SOLD OXIDE FUEL CELLS WITH A HONEYCOMB STRUCTURE; OPERATION, RESEARCH, AND OPPORTUNITIES

The aim of this thesis is to propose the design process and considerations to be employed in the fabrication of a high-volumetric-power-density intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC), as well as the necessary characterization and analysis techniques for such a device. A novel hexagonal honeycomb design will be proposed with functionally graded electrodes and an alternative electrolyte – a previously unexplored configuration based on attained research. The potential use of CFD software to investigate mass and heat transport properties of an SOFC having such a design shall be discussed, as well as the utility of experimental methods such as the generation of a polarization curve and the use of SEM to characterize electrochemical performance and microstructure, respectively. Fabrication methods shall also be evaluated, and it will be shown that the proposed design is not only feasible but meets the goal of designing an SOFC with a power density of 2 W/cm3 operating at or below 650 C

Antinutritive and Toxic Components of Plant Defense Against Insects

Chemical defense of the tomato plant against noctuid larvae is argued to result from suites of interactive chemical traits that simultaneously impair the acquisition of nutrients and toxify the insect. Defense results from tomatine, catecholic phenolics and phenol oxidases, proteinase inhibitors, and lipoxygenase. The catalytic role of plant oxidative enzymes in activating a variety of defense mechanisms is discussed. It is argued that the terms digestibility reducer, toxin, and nutrient signify ecological outcomes, not properties of molecules. Current views on the roles and the modes of activity of plant natural products against herbivorous insects are challenged. It is proposed that chemical context and mixture are critical determinants of biological activity, and that viewing natural products as isolated defensive factors is often misleading. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc

Differential induction of tomato foliar proteins by arthropod herbivores

The effects of mechanical and chemical damage and three types of biotic damage on the activities of four foliar proteins of the tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill var. Castlemart) were assayed. Proteinase inhibitor, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, and lipoxygenase activities were assayed in damaged leaflets and compared with activities in undamaged leaflets. These proteins are putative plant defenses in tomato. Differential induction of these proteins by the various damage-treatments was demonstrated, such that different subsets of the four proteins were induced by different types of damage. This study clearly demonstrates the ability of plants to respond differentially to different types of damage. Possible mechanisms for this differential induction and the implications of differential induction for plant defense are discussed. © 1994 Plenum Publishing Corporation