The correction for spectral mismatch effects on the calibration of a solar cell when using a solar simulator

A general expression was derived to enable calculation of the calibration error. The information required includes the relative spectral response of the reference cell, the relative spectral response of the cell under test, and the relative spectral irradiance of the simulator (over the spectral range defined by cell response). The spectral irradiance of the solar AMX is assumed to be known

Results of the 1978 NASA/JPL balloon flight solar cell calibration program

The 1978 scheduled solar cell calibration balloon flight was successfully completed. Thirty six modules were carried to an altitude of above 36 kilometers. Recovery of telemetry and flight packages was without incident. These calibrated standard cells are used as reference standards in simulator testing of cells and arrays with similar spectral response characteristics. The factors affecting the spectral transmission of the atmosphere at various altitudes are summarized

Results of the 1980 NASA/JPL balloon flight solar cell calibration program

Thirty-eight modules were carried to an altitude of about 36 kilometers. In addition to the cell calibration program, an experiment to evaluate the calibration error versus altitude was performed. The calibrated cells can be used as reference standards in simulator testing of cells and arrays

Results of the 1979 NASA/JPL balloon flight solar cell calibration program

Calibration of solar cells to be used as reference standards in simulator testing of cells and arrays was accomplished. Thirty-eight modules were carried to an altitude of about 36 kilometers during the solar cell calibration balloon flight

Results of the 1981 NASA/JPL balloon flight solar cell calibration program

The calibration of the direct conversion of solar energy through use of solar cells at high altitudes by balloon flight is reported. Twenty seven modules were carried to an altitude of 35.4 kilometers. Silicon cells are stable for long periods of time and can be used as standards. It is demonstrated that the cell mounting cavity may be either black or white with equal validity in setting solar simulators. The calibrated cells can be used as reference standards in simulator testing of cells and arrays

Investigating Automatic Static Analysis Results to Identify Quality Problems: an Inductive Study

Background: Automatic static analysis (ASA) tools examine source code to discover "issues", i.e. code patterns that are symptoms of bad programming practices and that can lead to defective behavior. Studies in the literature have shown that these tools find defects earlier than other verification activities, but they produce a substantial number of false positive warnings. For this reason, an alternative approach is to use the set of ASA issues to identify defect prone files and components rather than focusing on the individual issues. Aim: We conducted an exploratory study to investigate whether ASA issues can be used as early indicators of faulty files and components and, for the first time, whether they point to a decay of specific software quality attributes, such as maintainability or functionality. Our aim is to understand the critical parameters and feasibility of such an approach to feed into future research on more specific quality and defect prediction models. Method: We analyzed an industrial C# web application using the Resharper ASA tool and explored if significant correlations exist in such a data set. Results: We found promising results when predicting defect-prone files. A set of specific Resharper categories are better indicators of faulty files than common software metrics or the collection of issues of all issue categories, and these categories correlate to different software quality attributes. Conclusions: Our advice for future research is to perform analysis on file rather component level and to evaluate the generalizability of categories. We also recommend using larger datasets as we learned that data sparseness can lead to challenges in the proposed analysis proces

Laboratory rabbit welfare: an investigation of the social and physical environment

The aims of this thesis were: 1) to identify resources that may be important in the housing of laboratory rabbits (from a survey of the pharmaceutical industry, visits to laboratories and consultation with the industry) and 2) to test the motivation of rabbits for the identified resources. From the survey and behavioural observations of rabbits in different housing systems, it was decided that further investigations would focus on female New Zealand White rabbits and the importance of social contact and platforms within cages. The importance of these resources for rabbits was assessed using both short and long-term motivational tests and observations in laboratory cages. An initial experiment to develop motivational tests identified that pushing through a weighted push-doors was perceived by rabbits as costly, in terms of the effort taken to overcome it, but moving through a water bath and approaching an air- stream were not. Short-term motivational tests were set up to give singly and pair caged rabbits the opportunity to push through a weighted push-door to gain a short period of visual and minimal tactile contact with another rabbit. The rabbits pushed through heavier weights to gain social contact than for no reward. Olfactory cues were found to be important, as several rabbits did not push through even the unweighted push-door when the other rabbit was removed. Also, socially housed rabbits pushed through heavier weights for social contact when they were housed out of olfactory contact with their cage-mate. A closed economy consumer demand experiment using weighted push-doors was set-up to test longer term motivation for resources. Two different economic measures (maximum price paid and total expenditure) were used to rank the importance of food, visual and minimal tactile contact, a platform and an empty cage. Both measures showed food and social contact to be of equal and most importance, whilst the importance of the platform varied with the economic measure used. When in the social contact cage the rabbits spent just over half their time in direct visual contact with the other rabbit. In the platform cage the majority of time was spent lying in front of the platform, suggesting that being near to a bolt-hole was important. Platform use was found to be affected by the presence of visual and olfactory cues from conspecifics. The different approaches used found that rabbits were motivated to work to gain visual and minimal tactile contact with conspecifics and to gain access to a platform. It is recommended that visual and minimal tactile contact should be allowed between rabbits in adjacent cages (as well as providing a means of avoiding contact) and that caged rabbits should be provided with a platform

Low-cost solar array project: Four absolute cavity radiometer (pyrheliometer) intercomparisons at New River, Arizona: Radiometer standards

Four detailed intercomparisons were made for a number of models of cavity-type self-calibrating radiometers (pyrheliometers). Each intercomparison consisted of simultaneous readings of pyrheliometers at 30-second intervals in runs of 10 minutes, with at least 15 runs per intercomparison. Twenty-seven instruments were in at least one intercomparison, and five were in all four. Summarized results and all raw data are provided from the intercomparisons

Data management study, volume 5. Appendix A - Contractor data package technical description and system engineering /SE/ Final report

Technical description and systems engineering contractor data package for Voyager spacecraf