OEIGWG has come in from the cold: Will the EU do the same? Position paper on the zero draft of a binding treaty presented by the open-ended intergovernmental working group on transnational companies and other business enterprises

In July, the Open Ended Intergovernmental Working Group on Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, chaired by Ecuador, published the zero draft of the text of a treaty on business and human rights. This draft is the basis for negotiations in Geneva from 15-19 October 2018. The text represents a good first basis for further negotations among UN member states, and it goes some way toward closing protection gaps, especially in global supply chains. Helpfully, it builds on the UN Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights and focuses on the most urgent areas in this field: the prevention of human rights abuses and access to effective remedy for victims. Rather than elevating corporations to direct subjects of international law, it bolsters the existing architecture of human rights protection: the state duty to protect, enforced by civil and criminal liability. These positive developments compared with earlier documents from the treaty process should be recognized by the UN member states and especially by the European Union. Further rounds of negotiations must now achieve the necessary precision, ironing out of contradicitons, and further development of the text

Intense therapy in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer beyond hope for surgical cure : a prospective, multicenter phase II trial of the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK 76/02)

There is no standard treatment for patients with locally advanced esophageal carcinoma without systemic metastasis in whom surgery is no longer considered a reasonable option

Endosonographic radial tumor thickness after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy to predict response and survival in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer: a prospective multicenter phase ll study by the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK 75/02)

EUS response assessment in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT) is limited by disintegration of the involved anatomic structures

Surgical outcome after docetaxel-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally-advanced gastric cancer

AIM: To investigate feasibility, morbidity and surgical mortality of a docetaxel-based chemotherapy regimen randomly administered before or after gastrectomy in patients suffering from locally-advanced resectable gastric cancer

Multiple injections of energetic electrons associated with the flare and CME event on 9 October 2021

Context. We study the solar energetic particle (SEP) event observed on 9 October 2021 by multiple spacecraft, including Solar Orbiter. The event was associated with an M1.6 flare, a coronal mass ejection, and a shock wave. During the event, high-energy protons and electrons were recorded by multiple instruments located within a narrow longitudinal cone. Aims. An interesting aspect of the event was the multi-stage particle energisation during the flare impulsive phase and also what appears to be a separate phase of electron acceleration detected at Solar Orbiter after the flare maximum. We aim to investigate and identify the multiple sources of energetic electron acceleration. Methods. We utilised SEP electron observations from the Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) and hard X-ray (HXR) observations from the Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) on board Solar Orbiter, in combination with radio observations at a broad frequency range. We focused on establishing an association between the energetic electrons and the different HXR and radio emissions associated with the multiple acceleration episodes. Results. We find that the flare was able to accelerate electrons for at least 20 min during the non-thermal phase, observed in the form of five discrete HXR pulses. We also show evidence that the shock wave contributed to the electron acceleration during and after the impulsive flare phase. The detailed analysis of EPD electron data shows that there was a time difference in the release of low- and high-energy electrons, with the high-energy release delayed. Also, the observed electron anisotropy characteristics suggest a different connectivity during the two phases of acceleration.ISSN:0004-6361ISSN:1432-074

Structured type III radio bursts observed in interplanetary space

Context: The last few decades has seen numerous studies dedicated to fine structures of type III radio bursts observed in the metric to decametric wavelengths. Majority of explanations of the structured radio emission involve the propagation of electron beam through the strongly inhomogeneous plasma in the low corona. Until now only few studies of single type III bursts with fine structures, observed in the hecto-kilometric wavelengths, were reported. Aims: Herein we report about existence of numerous structured type III radio bursts observed during the STEREO era by all three WAVES instruments on board STEREO A, B, and Wind. The aim of the study is to report, classify structured type III bursts, and present the characteristics of their fine structures. The final goal is to try to understand the physical mechanism responsible for the generation of structured radio emission. Methods: In this study we used data from all available spacecraft, specifically the STEREO and the Wind spacecraft. We employ 1D density models to obtain the speed of the source of type III radio emission, the electron beam. We also perform spectral analysis of the fine structures in order to compare their characteristics with the metric-decametric fine structures. Results: The presented similarities of the type III fine structures in the metric to decametric and interplanetary wavelengths indicate that the physical processes responsible for the generation of structured type III radio bursts could be the same, at the heights, all the way from the low corona to the interplanetary range. We show that the observed structuring and intermittent nature of the type III bursts can be explained by the variation in the level of density fluctuations, at different distances from the Sun

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field