Cladobotryum mycophilum as Potential Biocontrol Agent

A study was conducted to explore the efficacy of potential biocontrol agent Cladobotryum mycophilum against different phytopathogenic fungi. The growth rates of 24 isolates of C. mycophilum were determined, and their antagonistic activity was analysed in vitro and in vivo against Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum, Fusarium solani, Phytophthora parasitica, Phytophthora capsici, Pythium aphanidermatum and Mycosphaerella melonis. Most isolates grow rapidly, reaching the opposite end of the Petri dish within 72–96 h. Under dual-culture assays, C. mycophilum showed antagonistic activity in vitro against all phytopathogenic fungi tested, with mycelial growth inhibition ranging from 30 to 90% against all the different phytopathogens tested. Similarly, of all the selected isolates, CL60A, CL17A and CL18A significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the disease incidence and severity in the plant assays compared to the controls for the different pathosystems studied. Based on these results, we conclude that C. mycophilum can be considered as a potential biological control agent in agriculture. This is the first study of Cladobotryum mycophilum as a biological control agent for different diseases caused by highly relevant phytopathogens in horticultur

Nueva cepa de TRICHODERMA SATURNISPORUM, composiciones y aplicaciones de la misma

Número de publicación: 2 411 807 Número de solicitud: 201132042 51 Int. CI.: C12N 1/14 (2006.01) C12P 1/02 (2006.01) C12R 1/885 (2006.01)Nueva cepa de Trichoderma saturnisporum, composiciones y aplicaciones de la misma. La presente invención se refiere a una nueva cepa de Trichoderma saturnisporum con número de depósito CECT nº 20781. Asimismo se refiere a una composición fitosanitaria que comprende dicha cepa y a su empleo para el control biológico de plagas, para potenciar el crecimiento y/o producción de cultivos hortícolas o plantas y para la descomposición de materia orgánica

Plant Growth Promotion and Biocontrol of Pythium ultimum by Saline Tolerant Trichoderma Isolates under Salinity Stress

This present study evaluates three isolates of Trichoderma as plant growth promoting or biological control agents: Trichoderma aggressivum f. sp. europaeum, Trichoderma saturnisporum, and the marine isolate obtained from Posidonia oceanica, Trichoderma longibrachiatum. The purpose is to contribute to an overall reduction in pesticide residues in the fruit and the environment and to a decrease in chemical fertilizers, the excess of which aggravates one of the most serious abiotic stresses, salinity. The tolerance of the different isolates to increasing concentrations of sodium chloride was evaluated in vitro, as well as their antagonistic capacity against Pythium ultimum. The plant growth promoting capacity and effects of Trichoderma strains on the severity of P. ultimum on melon seedlings under saline conditions were also analysed. The results reveal that the three isolates of Trichoderma, regardless of their origin, alleviate the stress produced by salinity, resulting in larger plants with an air-dry weight percentage above 80% in saline stress conditions for T. longibrachiatum, or an increase in root-dry weight close to 50% when T. aggressivum f. sp. europaeum was applied. Likewise, the three isolates showed antagonistic activity against P. ultimum, reducing the incidence of the disease, with the highest response found for T. longibrachiatum. Biological control of P. ultimum by T. aggressivum f. sp. europaeum and T. saturnisporum is reported for the first time, reducing disease severity by 62.96% and 51.85%, respectively. This is the first description of T. aggressivum f. sp. europaeum as a biological control agent and growth promoter. The application of these isolates can be of enormous benefit to horticultural crops, in both seedbeds and greenhouses

Screening and Evaluation of Essential Oils from Mediterranean Aromatic Plants against the Mushroom Cobweb Disease, Cladobotryum mycophilum

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the use of essential oils (EOs) as an alternative to synthetic fungicides used in the control of cobweb disease of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) caused by Cladobotryum mycophilum. The EOs used were obtained by hydrodistillation from five Mediterranean aromatic species (Lavandula × intermedia, Salvia lavandulifolia, Satureja montana, Thymus mastichina, and Thymus vulgaris), analyzed by gas chromatography, and tested in vitro for their antifungal activity against C. mycophilum. In vitro bioassays showed that the EOs obtained from T. vulgaris and S. montana (ED50 = 35.5 and 42.8 mg L−1, respectively) were the most effective EOs for inhibiting the mycelial growth of C. mycophilum, and were also the most selective EOs between C. mycophilum and A. bisporus. The in vivo efficacy of T. vulgaris and S. montana EOs at two different concentrations (0.5 and 1%) were evaluated in two mushroom growing trials with C. mycophilum inoculation. The treatments involving T. vulgaris and S. montana EOs at the higher dose (1% concentration) were as effective as fungicide treatment. The effect of these EOs on mushroom productivity was tested in a mushroom cropping trial without inoculation. They had a strong fungitoxic effect at the first flush. However, a compensatory effect was observed by the end of the crop cycle and no differences were observed in biological efficiency between treatments. The main compounds found were carvacrol and p-cymene for S. montana, and p-cymene and thymol for T. vulgaris. These results suggest that T. vulgaris and S. montana EOs may be useful products to manage cobweb disease if used as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) program

Nueva cepa de Paecilomyces variotii, composiciones y aplicaciones de la misma

Número de publicación: ES2684858 A1 (04.10.2018) También publicado como: ES2684858 B1 (09.07.2019) Número de Solicitud: Consulta de Expedientes OEPM (C.E.O.) P201700542 (31.03.2017)Nueva cepa de Paecilomyces variotii, composiciones y aplicaciones de la misma. La presente invención se refiere a una nueva cepa de Paecilomyces variotii, con número de depósito CECT nº 20957 y que se ha denominado Pae10773. Dadas las propiedades de esta nueva cepa, en la presente invención se contempla su uso para potenciar el crecimiento de plantas, tal como cultivos hortícolas. Asimismo, se refiere a una composición que comprende dicha cepa, con capacidad de promover el desarrollo de plantas en suelos infestados por patógenos o condiciones de estrés. Por ello, se describe su uso como biofertilizante para plantas.Universidad de Almerí

Site fidelity of fish on a rocky intertidal in the south of Portugal

The short-term site fidelity of intertidal fish species was studied in a rocky intertidal zone in southern Portugal using visible implant elastomer tagging. Eleven fish species were caught, tagged and released, seven of which were recaptured. The larger tide pool with the highest complexity level and located at a lower position in the shore level did not have recaptures, while in others the individual fish species recaptured rate ranged from 11.1 to 38.9%, suggesting that the shore height is a dominant factor influencing site fidelity. Although the breeding season seems not to be the only explanation for the recapture rate, the higher mean recapture rates of Parablennius sanguinolentus, Lipophrys pholis and Gobius cobitis may be related to the parental behaviour of these species during that period. Site fidelity of juveniles of Scorpaena porcus in tidepools is reported for the first time, showing the importance of this habitat as a nursery ground.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Almeria’s Green Pest Management Revolution: An Opportunity That Arose from a Food Safety Alert

Almería, a province of Spain, is the leader in horticultural production on a Spanish and European scale. The specific conditions of greenhouse cultivation favor plant development, but also the proliferation of pests. This high incidence of pests was controlled in the past mainly by means of chemical phytosanitary treatments. The aim of the present work has been to analyze the tools facilitated by the Andalusian Government (Junta de Andalucía) to replace the usual pest management process, taking advantage of the context of the food safety alert arising from the detection of isophenphos-methyl in peppers from the province of Almeria in December 2007. The results illustrate that, unlike many programs of public subsidies which involve long-term expenditure, the aid in question took advantage of the socioeconomic situation following the food safety alert. The program led to substantial economic savings and met its objectives swiftly, achieving excellent results in terms of removing most of the pesticides used in the “conventional production system”. In the 2006–2007 season, only 515 hectares in Almería used biological control organisms, four years later, it reached 20,081 hectares, and the average area during the last ten years was 24,953 hectares. This shows that Almeria’s green pest management revolution had been consolidated

Nueva cepa de Trichoderma aggressivum fsp europaeum, composiciones y aplicaciones de la misma

Número de publicación: ES2706099 A1 (27.03.2019) También publicado como: ES2706099 B2 (03.02.2020) Número de Solicitud: Consulta de Expedientes OEPM (C.E.O.) P201731151 (27.09.2017)Nueva Cepa de Trichoderma aggressivum fsp europaeum, composiciones y aplicaciones de la misma. La presente invención se refiere a una nueva cepa de Trichoderma aggressivum fsp europaeum, con número de depósito CECT nº 20974 y que se ha denominado Tae52481. Dadas las propiedades de esta nueva cepa, en la presente invención se contempla su uso para potenciar el crecimiento de plantas, tales como cultivos hortícolas u ornamentales. Asimismo, se refiere a una composición que comprende dicha cepa, con capacidad de promover el desarrollo de plantas en suelos salinos, con presencia de patógenos o condiciones de estrés. Por ello, se describe su uso como biofertilizante para plantas.Universidad de Almerí

SUPRESIVIDAD DEL COMPOST DE ORUJO DE VID FRENTE A MICOSIS EDÁFICAS DE PLÁNTULAS DE HORTALIZAS

Suppression of soil-borne diseases of horticultural crops by compost has been attributed to the activities of antagonistic microorganisms. A great diversity of biological control agents naturally colonize compost. This is especially true for biological control agents effective against the soilborne Oomycete pathogens. The purpose of this research was to determine the suppressive capacity of grape marc compost against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum, Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum and Phytophthora parasitica. Previously, antagonist in vitro assay were performed with 432 microbial morphologies isolated from grape marc compost. Seven microorganisms were selected for further bioassay with radish-Rhizoctonia solani, melon-Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum, and tomato-Phytophthora parasitica and two microorganisms for cucumber-Pythium aphanidermatum. Those experiments indicate, that grape marc compost reduce the severity of Pythium dumping-off on cucumber, but do not reduce the severity of Phytophthora root rot on tomato, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum on melon and Rhizoctonia solani on radish. The enrichment of compost or vermiculite with the selected microbes for compost do not improved the suppressive effects.La supresión de enfermedades producidas por patógenos del suelo mediante compost en los cultivos hortícolas se ha atribuido muy especialmente a la actividad antagonista de los microorganismos. Una gran diversidad de agentes de control biológico colonizan naturalmente el compost. Esto es especialmente importante para el control de oomicetos patógenos del suelo. El propósito de este trabajo fue determinar la capacidad supresora del compost de orujo de vid frente a Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum, Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum y Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica (P. parasitica). Previamente, se realizaron ensayos de antagonismo in vitro con 432 microorganismos obtenidos del compost de orujo de vid. Siete microorganismos fueron seleccionados para el enriquecimiento del compost para el bioensayo Rhizoctonia solani en rábano, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum en melón, Phytophthora parasitica en tomate y dos para Pythium aphanidermatum en pepino. Estos experimentos indican que el compost de orujo de vid reduce la severidad de la enfermedad causado por Pythium, pero no se produce supresión ni disminución de la severidad de la enfermedad causada por los hongos fi topatógenos Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum y Phytophthora parasitica. El enriquecimiento del compost o vermiculita con los microorganismos seleccionados no incrementa el efecto supresor

Control of Fungal Diseases in Mushroom Crops while Dealing with Fungicide Resistance: A Review

Mycoparasites cause heavy losses in commercial mushroom farms worldwide. The negative impact of fungal diseases such as dry bubble (Lecanicillium fungicola), cobweb (Cladobotryum spp.), wet bubble (Mycogone perniciosa), and green mold (Trichoderma spp.) constrains yield and harvest quality while reducing the cropping surface or damaging basidiomes. Currently, in order to fight fungal diseases, preventive measurements consist of applying intensive cleaning during cropping and by the end of the crop cycle, together with the application of selective active substances with proved fungicidal action. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the redundant application of the same fungicides has been conducted to the occurrence of resistant strains, hence, reviewing reported evidence of resistance occurrence and introducing unconventional treatments is worthy to pave the way towards the design of integrated disease management (IDM) programs. This work reviews aspects concerning chemical control, reduced sensitivity to fungicides, and additional control methods, including genomic resources for data mining, to cope with mycoparasites in the mushroom industry