Evaluación de las licitaciones entre empresas generadoras y distribuidoras en el mercado mayorista regulado del sector eléctrico

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el desempeño del mercado mayorista regulado, luego de la introducción de competencia en la segunda generación de reformas iniciadas en el año 2006 con la Ley N° 28832, Ley para asegurar el desarrollo eficiente de la generación eléctrica. Con la nueva Ley, se introdujeron mecanismos de competencia en el mercado mayorista del sector eléctrico peruano, a fin de asegurar la cobertura del servicio eléctrico regulado en el largo plazo, mediante el uso de licitaciones para la compra y venta de energía entre las distribuidoras de electricidad y los generadores. Los procesos licitatorios para la compra de energía pueden analizarse para conocer si cumplen con los objetivos deseados y si superaron los problemas del aseguramiento del servicio eléctrico mediante contratos de largo plazo, problemas que se manifestaron en la crisis del año 2004 y que dieron origen a las llamadas reformas de segunda generación en el sector eléctrico. Un tema importante que trata el presente trabajo es determinar si las normas y los procedimientos que se han establecidos en el marco de la ley, están generando los incentivos necesarios para conseguir eficiencia de precios y si estos precios, sumados a las condiciones de seguridad y estabilidad del mercado, hace posible que los agentes realicen las inversiones en generación, que permitan asegurar la cobertura y confiabilidad del servicio en el largo plazo. Los procesos licitatorios convocados por las distribuidoras constituyen el mecanismo de compra de energía más conveniente necesita de ajustes, a fin de permitir que las distribuidoras pequeñas en demanda consigan los mismos resultados en términos de precios y cobertura que obtienen las distribuidoras grandes. A pesar de que la ley exige el aseguramiento del servicio regulado, las generadoras tienen incentivos a presentar sus ofertas por volúmenes mayores de energía. Esto se puede verificar en los procesos de segundas convocatorias para completar la demanda no contratada, donde la cantidad de postores es mínima. Asimismo, se ha considerado el tema de las licitaciones realizadas a través de Proinversión, las cuales podrían estar produciendo distorsiones en el mercado mayorista regulado y dando señales contradictorias a los agentes, considerando los esfuerzos normativos del sector para introducir mecanismos de competencia buscando que los precios e inversiones respondan a las necesidades del mercado. Por último, se evalúa si las condiciones del mercado permiten crear un mercado para obtener precios eficientes de potencia

Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and Browning of White Adipose Tissue

Interest has been focused on differentiating anatomical, molecular, and physiological characteristics of the types of mammalian adipose tissues. White adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) are the two main forms of adipose tissue in humans. WAT functions as an endocrine organ and serves as a reservoir of energy in the form of triglycerides. The hormones released by WAT are called adipokines. BAT consists of a group of specialized cells with abundant uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in the inner mitochondrial membrane and also fulfills endocrine functions. Following the identification of functional (BAT) in human adults, there has been a great deal of interest in finding out how it is induced, its localization, and the mechanisms by which it regulates thermogenesis. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a key regulator of the differentiation to brown adipocytes. The main mechanisms occur through enhancing UCP1 expression. In addition, following exposure to cold or exercise, FGF21 induces upregulation of local peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator (PGC)-1-alfa and thus promotes thermogenesis in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. FGF21 integrates several pathways allowing the regulation of human energy balance, glucose levels, and lipid metabolism. Such mechanisms and their clinical relevance are summarized in this review

Sustratos alternativos para la producción de plántulas de tomate de cáscara (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.) en Chiapas

The present project aimed to evaluate the effect of different alternative substrates during the emergence and growth of Physalis ixocarpa Brot. obtained in root trays, under shadow mesh conditions. The research took place in Cintalapa, Chiapas. The substrates employed were T1 cosmopeat as master sample, T2 earthworm humus, T3 sawdust of Pinus Oocarpa and T4 compost. The treatments were stablished with a completely random design with four repetitions, sowing 50 seeds for each repetition in unicel trays. The variables of this study were analyzed by median comparison (El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de distintos sustratos alternativos en la emergencia y crecimiento de Physalis ixocarpa Brot. obtenidos en cepellón, bajo condiciones de malla sombra. La investigación se llevó a cabo en el municipio de Cintalapa, Chiapas. Los sustratos empleados fueron T1 cosmopeat usado como testigo, T2 humus de lombriz, T3 aserrín de Pinus oocarpa y T4 composta. Los tratamientos se establecieron bajo un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones, sembrándose 50 semillas por cada repetición en bandejas de unicel. Las variables de estudio fueron sometidas a un análisis de comparación de medias

Nitric oxide deficiency decreases C-repeat binding factor-dependent and -independent induction of cold acclimation

[EN] Plant tolerance to freezing temperatures is governed by endogenous components and environmental factors. Exposure to low non-freezing temperatures is a key factor in the induction of freezing tolerance in the process called cold acclimation. The role of nitric oxide (NO) in cold acclimation was explored in Arabidopsis using triple nia1nia2noa1-2 mutants that are impaired in the nitrate-dependent and nitrate-independent pathways of NO production, and are thus NO deficient. Here, we demonstrate that cold-induced NO accumulation is required to promote the full cold acclimation response through C-repeat Binding Factor (CBF)-dependent gene expression, as well as the CBF-independent expression of other cold-responsive genes such as Oxidation-Related Zinc Finger 2 (ZF/OZF2). NO deficiency also altered abscisic acid perception and signaling and the cold-induced production of anthocyanins, which are additional factors involved in cold acclimation.We thank Isabel Lopez-Diaz and Esther Carrera for the hormone quantification carried out at the Plant Hormone Quantification Service, IBMCP, Valencia, Spain. This work was supported by grants from MINECO of Spain Government and FEDER EU funds [BIO2014-56067-P, BIO2017-82945-P to JL and BIO2016-79187-R to JS].Costa-Broseta, Á.; Perea-Resa, C.; Castillo, M.; Ruíz, MF.; Salinas, J.; Leon Ramos, J. (2019). Nitric oxide deficiency decreases C-repeat binding factor-dependent and -independent induction of cold acclimation. Journal of Experimental Botany. 70(12):3283-3296. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz115S328332967012Adams, S., & Carré, I. A. (2011). Downstream of the plant circadian clock: output pathways for the control of physiology and development. 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Journal of Biological Chemistry, 285(30), 23371-23386. doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.096644Kakei, Y., & Shimada, Y. (2014). AtCAST3.0 Update: A Web-Based Tool for Analysis of Transcriptome Data by Searching Similarities in Gene Expression Profiles. Plant and Cell Physiology, 56(1), e7-e7. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcu174Krol, M., Gray, G. R., Huner, N. P. A., Hurry, V. M., Öquist, G., & Malek, L. (1995). Low-temperature stress and photoperiod affect an increased tolerance to photoinhibition in Pinus banksiana seedlings. Canadian Journal of Botany, 73(8), 1119-1127. doi:10.1139/b95-122Lee, H. G., & Seo, P. J. (2015). The MYB 96– HHP module integrates cold and abscisic acid signaling to activate the CBF – COR pathway in Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal, 82(6), 962-977. doi:10.1111/tpj.12866León, J., Castillo, M. C., Coego, A., Lozano-Juste, J., & Mir, R. (2013). Diverse functional interactions between nitric oxide and abscisic acid in plant development and responses to stress. Journal of Experimental Botany, 65(4), 907-921. doi:10.1093/jxb/ert454Li, D., Li, Y., Zhang, L., Wang, X., Zhao, Z., Tao, Z., … Yang, Y. (2014). Arabidopsis ABA Receptor RCAR1/PYL9 Interacts with an R2R3-Type MYB Transcription Factor, AtMYB44. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 15(5), 8473-8490. doi:10.3390/ijms15058473Lozano-Juste, J., Colom-Moreno, R., & León, J. (2011). In vivo protein tyrosine nitration in Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Experimental Botany, 62(10), 3501-3517. doi:10.1093/jxb/err042Lozano-Juste, J., & León, J. (2009). Enhanced Abscisic Acid-Mediated Responses in nia1nia2noa1-2 Triple Mutant Impaired in NIA/NR- and AtNOA1-Dependent Nitric Oxide Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 152(2), 891-903. doi:10.1104/pp.109.148023Morishita, T., Kojima, Y., Maruta, T., Nishizawa-Yokoi, A., Yabuta, Y., & Shigeoka, S. (2009). Arabidopsis NAC Transcription Factor, ANAC078, Regulates Flavonoid Biosynthesis under High-light. 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Modulation of guanosine triphosphatase activity of G proteins by arachidonic acid in rat Leydig cell membranes

Previous results from our group have indicated that arachidonic acid decrease cAMP production through a modification of heterotrimericGproteins.\ud In the present study, we have characterized the high affinity GTPase activity present in Leydig cell membranes and its regulation by fatty acids. The high-affinity GTPase activity, measured as [g32P] GTP hydrolysis rate, was both time and protein concentration dependent. Arachidonic acid elicited a dose-dependent inhibition of enzyme activity with an IC50 5 26.7 6 1.1 mM. The existence of only two double bonds in linoleic acid is reflected by a decrease in its inhibitory activity (IC5053462.3mM). Saturated fatty\ud acids showed no effect at this level. The kinetic analysis as interpreted by Lineweaver-Burk plots, indicated that 50 mM arachidonic acid had no effect on the apparent affinity for GTP, but resulted in a 40% decreases in the maximal velocity of the reaction. Arachidonic acid modulation of GTPase activity was not attenuated by blocking eicosanoid metabolism with inhibitors of 59-lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase, or epoxygenase P-450. The addition of arachidonic acid to pertussis toxin-treated membranes had no effect on the enzyme activity, indicating that arachidonic acid does not modify the GTPase activity present in Gas protein. However, ADP-ribosylation with cholera toxin followed by arachidonic acid treatment led to a further 40% inhibition\ud when compared with cholera toxin treatment alone. These results allowed us to postulate that arachidonic acid inhibits the GTPase activity of Gi protein family. To further analyze the mechanism of\ud arachidonic acid inhibition of GTPase activity, the effect of arachidonic acid on the [35S]GTPgS binding was studied. No effect of this fatty acid on GTP binding was found. Combining our previous results\ud with those found here, we can conclude that arachidonic acid maintains Gi proteins in their active state, which in turn inhibit adenylate cyclase and results in decrease cAMP levels

Quantum unary approach to option pricing

We present a quantum algorithm for European option pricing in finance, where the key idea is to work in the unary representation of the asset value. The algorithm needs novel circuitry and is divided in three parts: first, the amplitude distribution corresponding to the asset value at maturity is generated using a low depth circuit; second, the computation of the expected return is computed with simple controlled gates; and third, standard Amplitude Estimation is used to gain quantum advantage. On the positive side, unary representation remarkably simplifies the structure and depth of the quantum circuit. Amplitude distributions uses quantum superposition to bypass the role of classical Monte Carlo simulation. The unary representation also provides a post-selection consistency check that allows for a substantial mitigation in the error of the computation. On the negative side, unary representation requires linearly many qubits to represent a target probability distribution, as compared to the logarithmic scaling of binary algorithms. We compare the performance of both unary vs. binary option pricing algorithms using error maps, and find that unary representation may bring a relevant advantage in practice for near-term devices.Comment: 14 (main) + 10 (appendix) pages, 22 figures. Final peer-reviewed version, published in PRA. All suggestions from the referees have been considered. We thank the referees and the journal for all the wor

Composición morfológica y rendimientos de maíces nativos sin uso de agroquímicos en Chiapas, México

The objective of this study was to characterize the morphological composition of five populations of native maize and estimate their yields using agricultural practices without the use of agrochemicals. The study conducted in 2021, in the municipality of Cintalapa, Chiapas, within the experimental field of the Regional Academic Center of the Antonio Narro Autonomous Agrarian University. The five populations of native maize were provided by farmers from different regions of the state, with prior informed consent. The Agricultural practices consisted of using plant extracts and potassium soap with neem extract (Azadirachta indica) to prevent and combat pests. For fertilization, Californian red earthworm (Eisenia foetida) leachate and bat guano were applied in their commercial presentation. Morphological characters were evaluated with a descriptive statistical analysis considering days to male and female flowering, plant and ear height ear length and diameter, number of rows per ear and number of kernels per row. Grain yield was estimated by the weight of the ear harvested from a random sample of 20 plants per population. Numerical differences of the studied variables were identified, which demonstrates an existing genetic diversity. The populations with the highest yields were Campeón and Olotillo, with 5.37 and 4.4 ton ha-1 (± 1.24), respectively. The data provide information to design native maize conservation strategies through agrochemical-free management.El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar morfológicamente cinco poblaciones de maíz nativo y estimar sus rendimientos, empleando prácticas agrícolas sin uso de agroquímicos. El estudio se realizó en el año 2021, en el municipio de Cintalapa, Chiapas, dentro del campo experimental del Centro Académico Regional de la Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Las cinco poblaciones de maíz nativo fueron proporcionadas por campesinos de diferentes regiones de la entidad, con previo consentimiento informado. Las prácticas agrícolas consistieron en uso de extractos vegetales y jabón potásico con extracto de neem (Azadirachta indica) para la prevención y combate de plagas. Para la fertilización se aplicó lixiviado de lombriz roja californiana (Eisenia foetida) y guano de murciélago en su presentación comercial. Los caracteres morfológicos se evaluaron con un análisis estadístico descriptivo considerando: días de floración masculina y femenina, alturas de planta y mazorca, longitud y diámetro de la mazorca, y número de hileras por mazorca y número de granos por hilera. El rendimiento de grano se estimó mediante el peso de la mazorca cosechada de una muestra aleatoria de 20 plantas por población. Se identificaron diferencias numéricas de las variables estudiadas, lo que demuestra una diversidad genética existente. Las poblaciones que presentaron mayores rendimientos fueron Campeón y Olotillo, con 5,37 y 4,4 ton ha-1 (± 1,24), respectivamente. Los datos aportan información para diseñar estrategias de conservación de maíces nativos con manejo libre de agroquímicos

Índice de progreso social de la provincia de Caylloma

El Índice de Progreso Social (IPS) es una medida del desarrollo que no incluye métricas económicas, pues se enfoca en indicadores sociales y ambientales, pero brinda un parámetro para definir políticas y luego medir sus resultados. Con el propósito de medir el IPS de la provincia de Caylloma para el año 2018, se ha efectuado esta investigación no experimental, de alcance descriptivo y enfoque cuantitativo. Utilizando el modelo del IPS, se recopiló información de fuentes secundarias, así como de 372 hogares, a través de una encuesta aplicada a los jefes de hogar. Esta cifra fue una muestra representativa de los 25,649 hogares que existen en la provincia, seleccionada de manera aleatoria en los 20 distritos que integran Caylloma. Los resultados fueron tabulados y analizados mediante el software STATA, lo cual permitió conocer que esta provincia tiene un IPS igual que 54.64, equivalente a un rango “Medio bajo”. En cuanto a las dimensiones, los resultados fueron los siguientes: (a) 81.40 o “Alto” en Necesidades Humanas Básicas, (b) 40.20 o “Muy bajo” en Fundamentos del Bienestar, y (c) 42.33 o “Muy bajo” en Oportunidades. Los resultados entre los distritos también mostraron una gran variabilidad, aunque se repetían las debilidades en acceso a la educación superior y acceso a información y telecomunicaciones; mientras que se encontraron valores elevados en seguridad personal, en salud y bienestar, y en tolerancia e inclusión, entre otros.The Social Progress Index (SPI) is a measure of development that does not include economic metrics, but focuses on social and environmental indicators, but provides a parameter to define policies and then measure their results. With the purpose of measuring the SPI of the province of Caylloma for the year 2018, this non-experimental research has been created, with a descriptive scope and a quantitative approach. Using the SPI model, information was collected from secondary sources, as well as from 372 households, through a survey applied to heads of households. This was a representative sample of the 25,649 homes that are in the province, selected at random, covering the 20 districts that make up Caylloma. The results were tabulated and then analyzed using the STATA software, to know that Caylloma has a Social Progress Index equal to 54.64 which places it in the "Medium Low" range. While the results by dimension were the following: (a) 81.40 or "High" in Basic Human Needs, (b) 40.20 or "Very low" in Fundamentals of Well-being, and (c) 42.33 or again "Very low" in Opportunities . The results also showed great variability among the districts, although the weaknesses in access to higher education and access to information and telecommunications were repeated. While high values were found in personal safety, in health and well-being and in tolerance and inclusion, among others.Tesi

Total and high molecular weight adiponectin have similar utility for the identification of insulin resistance

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Insulin resistance (IR) and related metabolic disturbances are characterized by low levels of adiponectin. High molecular weight adiponectin (HMWA) is considered the active form of adiponectin and a better marker of IR than total adiponectin. The objective of this study is to compare the utility of total adiponectin, HMWA and the HMWA/total adiponectin index (S_Aindex) for the identification of IR and related metabolic conditions.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A cross-sectional analysis was performed in a group of ambulatory subjects, aged 20 to 70 years, in Mexico City. Areas under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve for total, HMWA and the S_Aindex were plotted for the identification of metabolic disturbances. Sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy for the identification of IR were calculated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The study included 101 men and 168 women. The areas under the ROC curve for total and HMWA for the identification of IR (0.664 <it>vs</it>. 0.669, <it>P </it>= 0.74), obesity (0.592 <it>vs</it>. 0.610, <it>P </it>= 0.32), hypertriglyceridemia (0.661 <it>vs</it>. 0.671, <it>P </it>= 0.50) and hypoalphalipoproteinemia (0.624 <it>vs</it>. 0.633, <it>P </it>= 0.58) were similar. A total adiponectin level of 8.03 μg/ml was associated with a sensitivity of 57.6%, a specificity of 65.9%, a positive predictive value of 50.0%, a negative predictive value of 72.4%, and an accuracy of 62.7% for the diagnosis of IR. The corresponding figures for a HMWA value of 4.25 μg/dl were 59.6%, 67.1%, 51.8%, 73.7% and 64.2%.</p> <p>The area under the ROC curve of the S_Aindex for the identification of IR was 0.622 [95% CI 0.554-0.691], obesity 0.613 [95% CI 0.536-0.689], hypertriglyceridemia 0.616 [95% CI 0.549-0.683], and hypoalphalipoproteinemia 0.606 [95% CI 0.535-0.677].</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Total adiponectin, HMWA and the S_Aindex had similar utility for the identification of IR and metabolic disturbances.</p