169 research outputs found
Justice in the Name of Six Million Accusers: the Case of the Attorney General of the Government of Israel v. Adolf Eichmann in the Context of International Law
INTRODUCTION. The legal saga of the prosecution of Adolf Eichmann, one of the most wanted war criminals and chief “architect” of the Holocaust, raises many ethical, political and legal problems. The Eichmann trial is unprecedented in the long history of international criminal law for many reasons. Although many leaders of Nazi regime were put on trial at Nuremberg before International Military Tribunal, mass killings and other outrageous crimes against Jews was not the main object of the trial. Thereby prosecution and punishment one of the most important organizers of the genocide of Jewish people, creator of new type of evil and new type of crime, become the great task of the State of Israel.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The theoretical basis of the study consists of the works of leading international lawyers specializing in international criminal law, as well as the international extradition of criminals; the analytical base comprises of the decisions of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal, as well as the national courts of the State of Israel, in particular the cult decision the Attorney General of the Government of Israel v. Adolf Eichmann, as well as the decisions of the national courts of the United States, cited in the article for the purpose of comparative analysis. The methodological basis of the research comprises historical method, methods of formal logic, including analysis, synthesis and analogy, as well as systemic, comparative legal methods and method of interpretation.RESEARCH RESULTS. Based on the study of international legal instruments and international judicial practice, as well as the national legislation of the State of Israel, the author made conclusions related to the abduction of accused from the territory of a foreign state, in particular its consequences in the form of violation of the sovereignty of the state. At the same time, the article contains a statement that the unlawfulness of the arrest does not prevent the court from exercising jurisdiction over the person. In the context of the administration of justice by the State of Israel, the author analyzes the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of December 14, 1951, paying special attention to the problem of the possible immunity of the accused based on the refugee status granted by the state.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. In the course of the study, the author analyzed a significant amount of materials, summarized the doctrinal positions put forward by a number of prominent international scholars, and also formed the conclusion that the trial of Eichmann marked not only the administration of justice over the international criminal, but also provided another opportunity for a broad international publicity of the horrors of the Nazi regime and the need to unite collective efforts of states to save future generations from such international crimes
New Technologies of Matrix Composite Polymer Photovoltaic and Photoresistive Materials
The goal of the paper is development of more effective technology formation photovoltaic and
photoresistive elements based on the polar and nonpolar polymers dispersed by CdS, ZnS, CdSe
and CdTl particles. It was established that:
1. The interphase interaction in photoelectric composites on the interphase boundary is
considerably depended on particle size of inorganic phase;
2. Polymer matrix is not passive phase in photoelectric composites, but defines a value of
Rdark resistance/Rlight resistance parameter and value of photo-emf;
3. 3. Plasma crystallization of photoelectric composites is accompanied by formation of
local levels with high concentration and activation energy in quasi-forbidden band of
polymer matrix;
4. Doping of ferroelectric component with domain structure into photoelectric composite
of polymer-CdS leads to increasing concentration of centers of local electric fields
promoted division of photoinduced charges
Observation of Periodic Orbits on Curved Two - dimensional Geometries
We measure elastomechanical spectra for a family of thin shells. We show that
these spectra can be described by a "semiclassical" trace formula comprising
periodic orbits on geodesics, with the periods of these orbits consistent with
those extracted from experiment. The influence of periodic orbits on spectra in
the case of two-dimensional curved geometries is thereby demonstrated, where
the parameter corresponding to Planck's constant in quantum systems involves
the wave number and the curvature radius. We use these findings to explain the
marked clustering of levels when the shell is hemispherical
A New Low-Noise Avalanche Photodiode With Micro-Pixel Structure
A new design of the avalanche photodiodes with an array of micro-pixel p-n-junctions was developed on base of metal-oxide-silicon
structure. The thermal oxide layer of 1000A thickness contains tunnel oxide regions with about 25A thickness. The device exhibits a noise
factor ~ 4 at a high multiplication factor (M~10000). A high space uniformity of sensitivity was found for gain of M~ 1000
8H-Chromeno[2′,3′:4,5]imidazo[2,1-a]isoquinoline
The title compound, C18H12N2O, comprises two aromatic fragments, viz., imidazo[2,1-a]isoquinoline and benzene, linked by oxygen and methylene bridges. Despite the absence of a common conjugative system within the molecule, it adopts an essentially planar conformation with an r.m.s. deviation of 0. 036 Å. In the crystal, due to this structure, molecules form stacks along the b axis by π⋯π stacking interactions, with shortest C⋯C distances in the range 3.340 (4)–3.510 (4) Å. The molecules are bound by intermolecular C—H⋯O interactions within the stacks and C—H⋯π interactions between the stacks
Nonequilibrium spin distribution in single-electron transistor
Single-electron transistor with ferromagnetic outer electrodes and
nonmagnetic island is studied theoretically. Nonequilibrium electron spin
distribution in the island is caused by tunneling current. The dependencies of
the magnetoresistance ratio on the bias and gate voltages show the
dips which are directly related to the induced separation of Fermi levels for
electrons with different spins. Inside a dip can become negative.Comment: 11 pages, 2 eps figure
Families of spherical caps: spectra and ray limit
We consider a family of surfaces of revolution ranging between a disc and a
hemisphere, that is spherical caps. For this family, we study the spectral
density in the ray limit and arrive at a trace formula with geodesic polygons
describing the spectral fluctuations. When the caps approach the hemisphere the
spectrum becomes equally spaced and highly degenerate whereas the derived trace
formula breaks down. We discuss its divergence and also derive a different
trace formula for this hemispherical case. We next turn to perturbative
corrections in the wave number where the work in the literature is done for
either flat domains or curved without boundaries. In the present case, we
calculate the leading correction explicitly and incorporate it into the
semiclassical expression for the fluctuating part of the spectral density. To
the best of our knowledge, this is the first calculation of such perturbative
corrections in the case of curvature and boundary.Comment: 28 pages, 7 figure
Natural and forsed osculations of pipelines in contact with the Wincler medium
In this paper, the pipeline is modeled as a curved rod in contact with the Winkler medium. Linear oscillations of a curved viscoelastic rod lying on the Winkler base are considered. The general formulation of the problem of free oscillations of a spatially curved viscoelastic rod with variable parameters is reduced to a boundary value problem for a system of ordinary integro-differential equations of the 12th order with variable coefficients relative to eigenstates; it can be solved by the method of successive approximations. The relations allowing to present the solution of the boundary value problem for the rod in an analytical form are formulated. It is established that the dimensionless complex frequencies of natural oscillations of a spatially curved rod, while maintaining the elongation of the rod constant, do not depend on it. The Poisson's ratio has little effect on the dimensionless real and imaginary parts of the natural frequencies
Effects of boundary conditions on magnetization switching in kinetic Ising models of nanoscale ferromagnets
Magnetization switching in highly anisotropic single-domain ferromagnets has
been previously shown to be qualitatively described by the droplet theory of
metastable decay and simulations of two-dimensional kinetic Ising systems with
periodic boundary conditions. In this article we consider the effects of
boundary conditions on the switching phenomena. A rich range of behaviors is
predicted by droplet theory: the specific mechanism by which switching occurs
depends on the structure of the boundary, the particle size, the temperature,
and the strength of the applied field. The theory predicts the existence of a
peak in the switching field as a function of system size in both systems with
periodic boundary conditions and in systems with boundaries. The size of the
peak is strongly dependent on the boundary effects. It is generally reduced by
open boundary conditions, and in some cases it disappears if the boundaries are
too favorable towards nucleation. However, we also demonstrate conditions under
which the peak remains discernible. This peak arises as a purely dynamic effect
and is not related to the possible existence of multiple domains. We illustrate
the predictions of droplet theory by Monte Carlo simulations of two-dimensional
Ising systems with various system shapes and boundary conditions.Comment: RevTex, 48 pages, 13 figure
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