FAVELA ASSOCIATIONS: BETWEEN REPRESSION, VIOLENCE AND POLITICS

The article analyzes the dynamics and structures of oppression and marginalization of favela residents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as well as the modalities of agency that members of favela residents’ associations have used to respond to the changing situation. I analyze the spatial differentiation between favelas and the formal parts of the city, and how this is reflected in the notion of how the favelas and their residents are characterized. Some single elements, such as violence, have been taken as markers to define the whole space of the favelas as well as their residents. In state policies, the views as well as the agency of favela residents have often been ignored, thereby treating the favela residents as only subjects of different politics and measures. The study presents the analysis the members of favela associations make of state politics, and how their own modalities of agency have contributed both to maintaining the structures of oppression as well as challenging it. The focus is on the favela residents’ associations in two favelas of Southern Rio

Distribution maps of the outdoor myrmicid ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Finland, with notes on their taxonomy and ecology

Twentytwo species of myrmicid ants maintaining outdoor populations are listed for Finland. Four of them, Myrmica hellenica Forel, Myrmica microrubra Seifert, Leptothorax interruptus (Schenck), and Leptothorax kutteri Buschinger are new to Finland. Myrmica lonae Finzi is considered as a good sister species of Myrmica sabuleti Meinert, under which name the species has earlier been known in Finland. Myrmica specioides Bondroit is deleted from the list as no samples of this species could be located in the collections. The distribution of each species in Finland is presented on 10 x 10 km square grid maps. The ecology of the various species is discussed. Also some taxonomic problems are dealt with

New provincial records for twelve ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Finland

Entomologica Fennica. Vol. 1:191. 3.XII.199

Tapahtumasegmentaation aivovasteet hippokampuksessa ja aivokuorella äänitarinan kuuntelun aikana

Tapahtumasegmentaatio jäsentää sekä arkista kokemustamme että muistiamme. Parhaillaan meneillään olevan tapahtuman hahmotus ja prosessointi tapahtuu todennäköisesti aivokuorella, mutta ilman toimivaa hippokampusta tilanteesta ei voi syntyä pysyvää muistoa. On olennainen kysymys, missä kohtaa ja miten hippokampus osallistuu tapahtumien prosessointiin ja mieleen painamiseen. Aiemmin on magneettikuvaustutkimuksin osoitettu, että hippokampus reagoi tapahtumien välisiin rajoihin aktivaatiopiikein. On ehdotettu, että ne ilmentäisivät aistimodaliteetista riippumattoman tason prosessia, jossa hippokampus kokoaa yhteen ja vahvistaa koetun tilanteen kokonaisrepresentaation, jotta se voidaan painaa muistiin. Aiemmat tutkimukset on kuitenkin toteutettu yksinomaan audiovisuaalisilla ärsykkeillä, ja koska hippokampuksen tiedetään osallistuvan myös visuaaliseen prosessointiin, ei ole täysin selvää, etteivätkö havaitut aktivaatiot voisi selittyä alemman, aistitietoa käsittelevän tason prosesseilla. Tämän kysymyksen ratkaisemiseksi tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin reagoiko hippokampus tapahtumarajoihin puhtaasti auditiivisessa ärsykkeessä. Ärsykkeenä oli 71-minuuttinen tarinallinen äänikirja, jonka osallistujat kuuntelivat passiivisesti fMRI-rekisteröinnin aikana, ja jonka tapahtumarajat määriteltiin kokeellisesti erillisen koehenkilöryhmän avulla. Aivokuvausaineisto analysoitiin aivoalueittain sekä hippokampuksesta että eksploratiivisesti myös kaikilta aivokuoren alueilta. Hippokampuksen havaittiin reagoivan tapahtumarajoihin aktivaatiopiikein. Aivokuorella voimakkaasti reagoivia alueita olivat mm. posteriorinen mediaalinen aivokuori, ventromediaalinen prefrontaalialue, parahippokampaalinen poimu sekä etummainen pihtipoimu. Monien näistä alueista uskotaan osallistuvan meneillään olevan tapahtuman mallintamiseen ja hahmottamiseen, ja osa mahdollisesti osallistuu huomion siirtämiseen sisäisen ja ulkoisen välillä. Etummaisen pihtipoimun tiedetään osallistuvan odotusten ja havaintojen välisten konfliktien monitorointiin, mikä saattaisi tukea teoriaa, jonka mukaan segmentaatio olisi riippuvaista havaituista ennustevirheistä. Tätä ei kuitenkaan tämän tutkimuksen perusteella voida varmasti päätellä, vaan asiaa tulisi tutkia tarkemmin. Tämän tutkimuksen tulokset tukevat näkemystä, jonka mukaan hippokampuksen lisääntynyt toiminta tapahtumarajoilla liittyy korkean tason abstraktiin segmentaatioon ja mahdollisesti episodisen muiston luomiseen. Tämä prosessi mahdollisesti tapahtuu yhteistyössä aivokuoren aktiivisten alueiden kanssa, mutta kausaaliset suhteet ja informaation kulku näiden alueiden välillä on selvitettävä myöhemmissä tutkimuksissa.Event segmentation structures our experience as well as our memories. The representation of the currently ongoing event is likely dependent on a network of cortical areas, but the ability to retain a memory of the event requires an intact hippocampus. It is thus a relevant question how and when this hippocampal episodic encoding happens. It has previously been shown that the hippocampus is sensitive to event boundaries and responds to them with transient fMRI activation peaks. It has been proposed that these hippocampal end-of-event activations represent a high-level, modality-independent process of sharpening or “printing out” of the memory trace of the situation. However, the studies reporting hippocampal peaks have been conducted on audio-visual stimuli, so it is unclear whether these results generalise to narratives without a visual component, as the hippocampus is known to support visual processing as well as episodic encoding. In this study I aim to answer this question by analysing fMRI data from participants experiencing a purely auditory narrative. The stimulus was a 71-minute-long audio book, and it was segmented behaviourally by a separate group of participants with a naïve intuitive segmentation paradigm. The data was analysed with a region of interest (ROI) analysis in the hippocampus, as well as in an exploratory manner on all areas from a cortical atlas. The hippocampus was found to respond significantly to event boundaries in the story. Strong responses were also found in areas of the posterior medial cortex (PMC), as well as in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), parahippocampal gyrus, anterior cingulate (ACC) and the insula. Many of these are known to be involved in representing the event model, and some with switching between internal and external processing modes. ACC in particular is known to be involved in conflict monitoring – this might link with the proposal that segmentation in general is driven by prediction error and would merit further study. I conclude that the hippocampus does detect and respond to event boundaries in a naturalistic auditory narrative, which is in line with the “print out” hypothesis and implies that these activations are related to domain-general episodic encoding. The increased hippocampal processing is likely to happen in collaboration with cortical areas involved in signalling change and representing the working event model. However, the causal connections between these areas during the boundary-related processing cascade needs to be elaborated in future studies

Género, classe e exclusão habitacional: Histórias de vida sobre a sobrevivência das desalojadas

This article examines the gendered and classed dynamics of homelessness and displacements in Portugal. I use the lens of displaced survival to bring light to the complex web of relations that promote the housing exclusion of low-wage single mothers. I show how these families, expelled from housing programmes and unable to afford housing in the private rental sector, are left to suffer from a cycle of displacements, leading to accentuated poverty and dispossession, which also leads to over-generational perpetuation of poverty. Methodologically the study draws from life-history interviews and policy analysis, conducted from 2017 to 2019 in Lisbon. In addition to being exploited within paid and unpaid labour and having to pay an unaffordable rent, displacements and evictions exacerbate the dispossession and poverty of these families, given that their specific conditions as low-income single mothers are not recognised within the policy responses.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Informal Modes of Governance : Negotiating Evictions and Housing Rights in Lisbon, Portugal

Recent literature has drawn the attention to the impact of neoliberal and financialised urban policies on the enjoyment of access to housing by the urban poor, as well as on how these policies limit the spheres of action that are possible in urban margins. Yet literature tends to pay less attention on the modes of government the state actors use to manage access to housing. Examining housing exclusions and their contestations gains relevance in the current context, in which homelessness is growing and evictions are increasing in numbers. This paper examines how council housing managers negotiate access to housing with occupying families, using neoliberal and disciplinary modes of governance. The concept of informality is used as an analytical device to explore diverse interpretations on occupations as well as to shed light on the management practices of council housing estates. The article is based on ethnographic fieldwork, conducted from December 2017 to April 2019 in the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon, in close collaboration with the Association Habita. It contends that while occupations are criminalised, the state itself also resorts to extra-legal practices in the governance of homelessness. The forms of governance employed by council housing managers are enmeshed with diverse forms of informality, producing both housing exclusions and inclusions.Peer reviewe

(A4) Emergency Health Interventions in Earthquakes: Red Cross Experience from Haiti and Chile, 2010

On 12 January 2010, the fate of Haiti and its people shifted with the ground beneath them as the strongest earthquake in 200 years, and a series of powerful aftershocks demolished the capital and multiple areas throughout the southern coast in thirty seconds, leaving some 220,000 people dead, and 300,000 persons injured. On 27 February 2010, at 03:35 hours local time, an earthquake of magnitude 8.8 struck Chile. As a consequence, the tsunami generated affected a coastal strip of more than 500 kilometers. Approximately 1.5 million people were affected and thousands lost their homes and livelihoods. The emergency health response of the International Red Cross Movement to both disasters was immediate, powerful and dynamic. The IFRC deployed seven emergency response units (ERU) to Haiti: one 150-bed referral hospital, one Rapid Deployment Emergency Hospital, and five basic health care units. One surgical hospital and two Basic Health Care Units were deployed to Chile. The ERU system of the IFRC is a flexible and dynamic tool for emergency health response in shifting and challenging environments. Evaluations show that the system performs well during urban and rural disasters. Despite a very different baseline in the two contexts, the ERU system of IFRC can adapt to the local needs. As panorama of pathology in the aftermath of an earthquake changes, the ERU system adapts and continues supporting the local health care system in its recover

Voimauttavat kuvat : elokuvan ja valokuvan käyttö päihdekuntoutuksessa

Tämän toiminnallisen opinnäytetyöntarkoituksena on ollut elokuvan ja valokuvan voimauttava ‎käyttö päihdekuntoutuksessa. Toteutimme opinnäytetyömme Helsingin kaupungin sosiaaliviraston ‎ylläpitämässä Tervalammen kartanon päihdekuntoutuskeskuksessa. Toiminta oli ryhmämuotoista, ‎jossa osallistujia oli kuusi. Osallistujat ryhmässä olivat aikuisia päihdekuntoutujia ja valikoituminen ‎ryhmään toteutettiin vapaaehtoisena ilmoittautumisena. Toimintakertoja oli kahdeksan ja ne ‎toteutettiin neljän viikon aikana loka- marraskuussa 2010.‎ Toiminnan tavoitteina oli kuntoutujien voimaantumisen tukeminen päihdekuntoutuksessa, ‎toimintamallin kehittäminen sekä oman ohjauksemme kehittyminen. Opinnäytetyössämme ‎pyrimme voimaantumisen tukemiseen voimavaroja käsittelevällä työskentelyllä. Voimauttavina ‎menetelminä käytimme terapeuttista elokuvaa ja valokuvaa sekä ryhmämuotoista toimintaa. ‎ Opinnäytetyön teoreettinen viitekehys koostuu voimaantumisen käsitteestä, ryhmäteoriasta, ‎terapeuttisesta elokuvasta, terapeuttisesta valokuvasta sekä päihdekuntoutuksesta. Terapeuttista ‎elokuvaa toteutimme elokuvien katsomisessa ja elokuvan kautta nostettujen aiheiden käsittelyssä. ‎Terapeuttista valokuvaa toteutimme omakuva työskentelyssä. Ryhmämuotoisessa toiminnassa ‎voimauttavana elementtinä toimi omin ajatusten peilaus mahdollisuus, erilaiset näkökulmat ‎käsiteltäviin aiheisiin sekä keskustelu asioiden käsittelyssä.‎ Elokuvan ja valokuvan yhdistäminen ja niiden kautta voimavarojen käsittely toimi pääpiirteittäin, ‎kuitenkin valokuvaukseen olisi pitänyt olla enemmän aikaa. Toiminta tuki voimautumista ‎herättämällä jo olemassa olevia voimavaroja sekä tuomalla uusia näkökulmia voimavara ‎ajatteluun. Ohjauksemme kehittyi toiminnan aikana ja opimme paljon voimaantumisen ‎merkityksestä päihdekuntoutuksessa.‎Empowering pictures, using movies and photography in rehabilitation The purpose of this functional thesis was the empowering use of movies and photography in ‎intoxicant rehabilitation. We carried out our thesis in The Tervalampi Manor Rehabilitation Centre, ‎maintained by the City of Helsinki Social Services Department. The activity was group-type in which ‎there were six participants. The participants were adultsubstance abusers and the selecting to the ‎group was carried out as voluntary registration. The activity was executed in eight different days ‎during four weeks in October and November 2010. ‎ The objectives of the activity were to support the empowerment of participants in rehabilitation, to ‎develop a form of activity and improve supervisors’ directing skills. Our attempt in this thesis was ‎to support empowerment with resource working. The empowerment methods used were ‎therapeutic movies and photography and group activity. ‎ The theoretical frame of reference contains the concept of empowerment, group theory, movie ‎therapy, therapeutic photography and substance abusers’ rehabilitation. We used movie therapy by ‎watching movies and talking about important issues. Therapeutic photography was put on practice ‎in the self- portrait method. The empowering elements of group activity were the opportunity to ‎mirror one’s own thoughts, different perspectives and discussion about awoken issues in the group. ‎ The combination of movie and photography and resources worked well. Still we noticed that ‎photographing needed more time. The activity supported empowerment by awaking already ‎existing resources and brought new perspectives to resources thinking. Our supervisor skills ‎developed during the activity and we learned a lot about the meaning of empowerment in ‎rehabilitation.

(A187) Red Cross Volunteers' Roles in Epidemic Control: Community-Level Interventions during Cholera Outbreaks in Zimbabwe and Haiti

Managing epidemics, or preferably, preventing them, is a priority for the International Federation of the Red Cross (IFRC). The IFRC response to the cholera outbreaks in Zimbabwe in 2009 and in Haiti in 2010 both included: the Emergency Response Unit system as the backbone, and the International Red Cross Movement helped the National Red Cross Society fulfill its humanitarian mandate during the emergency. Water and Sanitation units and Basic Health Care Units cooperated seamlessly to ensure consistency and effectiveness in the activities. A large part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement response is performed by community-based volunteers. During both outbreaks, the Red Cross put special focus on community-level interventions. In both countries, the National Red Cross Society, supported by the International Federation of the Red Cross, trained volunteer groups using a local adaptation and translation of the IFRC training package for emergency health and epidemic control. Research has shown that community volunteers frequently lack the background information necessary for a quick and efficient response to epidemics, especially when they are located in areas that do not benefit from the support and guidance of health professionals. This is particularly true in developing countries that often lack sufficient healthcare facilities and staff. To help fill those gaps, the IFRC launched a training package — Epidemic Control for Volunteers — more effectively involving volunteers in the epidemic management. It provides volunteers with a basic understanding of the diseases that can easily turn into epidemics. This training package is intended for volunteers and trainers in local branches of Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. It teaches them how they can help limit the number of victims, act quickly and effectively, and define their role in the community before, during, and after an epidemi