Modelação das necessidades hídricas de olivais regados utilizando variáveis e parâmetros biofísicos e deteção remota

Estudos desenvolvidos na região de Moura, Alentejo, em olival permitiram quantificar a transpiração (T) das plantas para diversas modalidades de rega e utilizar esta informação para o desenvolvimento de uma equação de estimativa de T, através da relação entre T, e índices de vegetação (IVs) calculados a partir de informação obtida por detecção remota. Pretende-se alargar o âmbito deste trabalho de modelação e combinar outras técnicas de medição, tendo em vista a quantificação das necessidades hídricas de olivais regados, tanto à escala da parcela como regional. Para o efeito irá recorrer-se a outros modelos de simulação (SimDualKc, Revised RS-PM, METRIC) e à integração da informação numa plataforma SIG

Effect of sodium and nitrogen on yield function of irrigated maize in Southern Portugal

Salinization and nitrate leaching are two of the leading threats to the environment of the European Mediterranean regions. Inefficient use of water and fertilizers has led to a nitrate increase in the aquifers and reduction in crop yields caused by salts. In this study, a triple emitter source irrigation system delivers water, salt (Na+), and fertilizer (N) applications to maize (Zea mays L.). The objective of the study was to evaluate the combined effect of saline water and nitrogen application on crop yields in two different textured soils of Alentejo (Portugal) and to assess if increasing salinity levels of the irrigation water can be compensated by application of nitrogen while still obtaining acceptable crop yield. Maximum yield was obtained from both soils with an application of 13 g m−2 of nitrogen. Yield response to Na+ application was different in the two studied soils and depended on the total amount of Na+ or irrigation water applied. No significant interaction was found between nitrogen and sodium, but a positive effect on maize yield was observed in the medium textured soil for amounts of Na+ less than 905 g m−2 when applied in the irrigation water

Water requirements and footprint of a super intensive olive grove under Mediterranean climate

Abstract The water footprint of a product can be described as the volume of freshwater used to produce it, associated to a geographic and temporal resolution. For crops, the water footprint relates crop water requirements and yield. The components of water footprint, blue, green and grey water footprints, refer to the volumes of respectively, surface and groundwater, rainfall, and water required to assimilate pollution, used to produce the crop yield. The global standard for crop water footprint assessment relies on evapotranspiration models to estimate green and blue water evapotranspiration. This approach has been used in the present study to estimate the water footprint of a very high density drip irrigated olive grove and further compared with data obtained from evapotranspiration measurements or from its components: the eddy covariance method to quantify latent heat flux, a heat dissipation sap flow technique to determine transpiration and microlysimeters to evaluate soil evaporation. The eddy covariance technique was used for short periods in 2011 and 2012, while sap flow measurements were performed continuously, hence allowing the extension of the data series. Measurements of evapotranspiration with the eddy covariance method provided an average close to 3.4 mm d-1 (2011) and 2.5 mm d-1 (2012). The ratio of evapotranspiration to reference evapotranspiration approached 0.6 and 0.4 for the respective periods. The water footprint of the olive crop under study, calculated with field data, was higher than the water footprint simulated using the global standard assessment and was lower than that reported in literature for olives. Lower values are probably related to differences in cultural practices, e.g., the density of plantation, harvesting techniques and irrigation management. The irrigated high-density olive grove under study had a high yield, which compensates for high water consumption, thus leading to a water footprint lower than the ones of rainfed or less dense groves. Other differences may relate to the procedures used to determine evapotranspiration

Biquadratic exchange interactions in two-dimensional magnets

Magnetism in recently discovered van der Waals materials has opened several avenues in the study of fundamental spin interactions in truly two-dimensions. A paramount question is what effect higher-order interactions beyond bilinear Heisenberg exchange have on the magnetic properties of few-atom thick compounds. Here we demonstrate that biquadratic exchange interactions, which is the simplest and most natural form of non-Heisenberg coupling, assume a key role in the magnetic properties of layered magnets. Using a combination of nonperturbative analytical techniques, non-collinear first-principles methods and classical Monte Carlo calculations that incorporate higher-order exchange, we show that several quantities including magnetic anisotropies, spin-wave gaps and topological spin-excitations are intrinsically renormalized leading to further thermal stability of the layers. We develop a spin Hamiltonian that also contains antisymmetric exchanges (e.g., Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interactions) to successfully rationalize numerous observations, such as the non-Ising character of several compounds despite a strong magnetic anisotropy, peculiarities of the magnon spectrum of 2D magnets, and the discrepancy between measured and calculated Curie temperatures. Our results provide a theoretical framework for the exploration of different physical phenomena in 2D magnets where biquadratic exchange interactions have an important contribution

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation In Dysphonic Women

Background: Studies indicate correlation between dysphonia and muscle tension. Aim: To evaluate bilaterally the electrical activity of the suprahyoid muscles (SH), sternocleidomastoid (SCM), and trapezius (T), the presence of pain and the voice, after applying transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Method: Ten (10) women with nodules or bilateral mucus thickening, and phonation fissure. Volunteers were submitted to 10 TENS sessions (200μs and 10Hz) for 30 minutes. Pain was evaluated using an analogical visual scale; the voice was evaluated through laryngoscopy and through a perceptive-auditory and acoustic analysis; and the myoelectric signal was converted using the Root Media Square (RMS). Voice and EMG data gathering was performed during the production of the E/vowel and during spontaneous speech (SS). Statistical analysis: Shapiro-Wilk Test followed by the Wilcoxon Test, or t Student, or Friedman Test (p<0.05). Results: It was observed that the TENS decreased the RMS readings, pre and pos treatment, for the Right T (RT) (2.80 ± 1.36 to 1.77 ± 0.93), the Left T (LT) (3.62 ± 2.10 to 2.10 ± 1.06), the Left SCM (LSCM) (2.64 ± 0.69 to 1.94 ± 0.95), and the SH (11.59 ± 7.72 to 7.82 ± 5.95) during the production of the E/vowel; and for the RT (3.56 ± 2.77 to 1.93 ± 1.13), the LT (4.68 ± 2.56 to 3.09 ± 2.31), the Right SCM (RSCM) (3.94 ± 2.04 to 2.51 ± 1.87), and the LSCM (3.54 ± 1.04 to .12 ± 3.00) during SS. A relieve in pain was also observed. Regarding the voice analysis, there was a decrease in level of laryngeal injuries; no difference was observed during the production of the E/vowel in the perceptive-auditory analysis; there was a decrease in the level of dysphonia and hoarseness during SS. Conclusion: TENS is effective in improving the clinical and functional signs of dysphonic women.203189194Behrman, A., Common practices of voice therapists in the evaluation of patients (2005) J Voice, 19 (3), pp. 454-469Dromey, C., Nissen, S.L., Roy, N., Merrill, R.M., Articulatory changes following treatment of muscle tension dysphonia: Preliminary acoustic evidence (2008) J Speech Lang Hear Res, 51 (1), pp. 196-208Gillivan-Murphy, P., Drinnan, M.J., O'Dwyer, T.P., Ridha, H., Carding, P., The effectiveness of a voice treatment approach for teachers with self-reported voice problems (2006) J Voice, 20 (3), pp. 423-431Schneider, S.L., Sataloff, R.T., Voice therapy for the professional voice (2007) Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 40 (5), pp. 1133-1149Rubin, J.S., Blake, E., Mathieson, L., Musculoskeletal patterns in patients with voice disorders (2007) J Voice, 21 (4), pp. 477-484Sluka, K.A., Walsh, D.M., Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: Basic science mechanisms and clinical effectiveness (2003) Pain, 4, pp. 109-121Penkner, K., Janda, M., Lorenzoni, M.A., A comparison of the muscular relaxation effect of TENS and EMG-biofeedback in patients with bruxism (2001) J Oral Rehabil, 28 (9), pp. 849-853Guimarães, B.T.L., A eletroestimulação nervosa transcutânea no relaxamento laríngeo (1992) Revista Lugar em FonoaudiologiaGuirro, R.R.J., Forti, F., Rodrigues-Bigaton, D., Proposal for electrical insulation of the electromyographic signal acquisition module (2006) Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol, 46 (6), pp. 355-363Cram, J.R., Kasman, G.S., Haltz, J., (1998) Introduction to surface electromyography, , Aspen PubleshersBehlau, M., Azevedo, R., Pontes, P., Gonçalves, M.I.R., Constrição anteroposterior do vestíbulo laríngeo em indivíduos normais durante a fonação sustentada. (1998) Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Fonoaudiologia, 2 (4), pp. 56-60Voz, B.M., (2001) O Livro do Especialista, , Rio de Janeiro: RevinterRodrigues, D., Oliveira, A.S., Bérzin, F., Effect of conventional TENS on pain and electromyographic activity of masticatory muscles in TDM patients (2004) Braz Oral Res, 18 (4), pp. 290-295Rodrigues, D., Oliveira, A.S., Bérzin, F., Effect of TENS on the activation pattern of the masticatory muscles in TMD patients (2004) Braz J Oral Sci, 13 (10), pp. 510-514Kamyszek G, Ketcham R, Garcia RJr, Radke J. Electromyographic evidence of reduce muscle activity when ULF-TENS is applied to the Vth and VIIth cranial nerves Cranio. 2001;19(3):162-8Guimaraes, B.T.L., Relaxamento laringeo com o uso da eletroestimulação nervosa transcutânea (Tens): Um estudo comparativo (2000) Revista Lugar em FonoaudiologiaChesterton, L.S., Barlas, P., Foster, N.E., Lundeberg, T., Wright, C.C., Caxter, G.D., Sensory stimulation (TENS): Effects of parameter manipulation on mechanical pain thresholds in healthy human subjects (2002) Pain, 99 (1-2), pp. 253-262Milne, S., Welch, V., Brosseau, L., Saginu, R.M., Shea, B., Tugwell, S., (2003) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic low back pain, , Oxford: The Cochrane LibraryCarrol, D., Moore, R.A., McQuay, H.J., Fairman, F., Trame'r, M., Leijon, G., (2003) Trancutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic pain, , Oxford: The Cochrane LibraryKöke, A.J.A., Schoutend, J.S.A.G., Lamerichs-Geelenc, M.J.H., Lipschc, J.S.M., Waltjec, E.M.H., Kleefa, M., Pain reducing effect of three types of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in patients with chronic pain: A randomized crossover trial (2004) Pain, 108 (1-2), pp. 36-42Kalra, A., Urban, M.O., Sluka, K.A., Blockade of Opioid Receptors in Rostral Venral Medulla. Prevents Antihyperalgesia Produced by Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) (2001) J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther, 298 (1), pp. 257-263Kofler, M., Functional organization of exteroceptive inhibition following nociceptiva electrical fingertip stimulation in humans (2003) Clin Neurophysiol, 114 (6), pp. 973-980Kofler, M., Influence of trancutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on cutaneous silent periods in humans (2004) Neuroscience Letters, 360 (1-2), pp. 69-72Gonçalves, R.N., Ordenes, I.E.U., Rodrigues-Bigaton, D., Efeito indireto da TENS sobre os músculos cervicais em portadores de DTM. (2007) Fisioterapia em Movimento, 20 (2), pp. 83-90Ido, C., Rothenbuhler, R., Janz, L., Eletroestimulação nervosa trancutânea de baixa freqüência nos "tender points" dos pacientes fibromioálgicos juvenis. (2003) Rev Fisioter Univ. São Paulo, 10 (1), pp. 1-

Heat stress and ACTH administration on cortisol and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels in lactating Holstein cows

Physiological and productive responses were studied in five Holstein cows in thermal comfort (T1), stress by exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) administration (T2) and heat stress (T3) to compare acute and punctual stress (ACTH) and prolonged stress (heat stress). During T1 and T2, cows were housed in a climatic-free stall barn. In T3, the animals were kept in a climatic room (air temperature of 37°C from 08:00 to 13:00 h, and of 26°C from 14:00 to 07:00 h) for 7 days. Milk yield, rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR) and blood samples were obtained before, during and after all treatments. In T1 at 08:00 h, RT and RR were below the upper critical limit. Simultaneously, cortisol and insulin growth-factor I (IGF-I) were within the normal limits. After ACTH administration (T2), cortisol significantly increased, reaching maximum levels at 60 min and returning to basal levels at 300 min. However, IGF-I was not affected. During T3, Holstein cows did not effectively dissipate their body temperature and RT, RR and cortisol significantly increased. There was a 26.6% reduction in milk production after heat stress (P < .05). Prolonged heat stress was more stressful and cows had higher levels of CORT in T3 than in T2 even before the increase in body temperature. Although the total amount of cortisol and IGF-I presented a negative and significant Pearson correlation (r = −0.79), IGF-I was not significantly influenced by heat stress or ACTH administration, and the relationship between IGF-I and heat stress remains controversial

In vitro antimicrobial sensitivity to Staphylococcus spp. isolates from dairy cows with subclinical mastitis

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a sensibilidade antimicrobiana in vitro de 291 isolados de Staphylococcus spp. recuperados de amostras de leite de vacas com mastite subclínica, em 15 propriedades rurais localizadas na Região Metropolitana do Recife (A), Agreste (B) e Zona da Mata (C) do estado de Pernambuco. Dos 291 isolados, 170(58,4%) foram classificados como Staphylococcus coagulase negativa (SCN), 84(28,9%) como Staphylococcus aureus e 37(12,7%) como Staphylococcus coagulase positiva (SCP). Para o estudo do perfil de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos empregou-se a técnica de difusão em discos, foram avaliadas 16 drogas antimicrobianas utilizadas no tratamento das mastites. O antibiótico que apresentou melhor eficácia in vitro foi a associação entre neomicina + bacitracina + tetraciclina com percentuais de 98,4%, 99,3%, 89,7% para as regiões A, B e C, respectivamente. O antibiótico menos eficaz foi a ampicilina que apresentou 56,5% de resistência para as amostras da região A, 72,8% para a região B e 71,8% na região C. Os resultados obtidos mostram a necessidade da realização periódica de testes de sensibilidade in vitro, pois existem variações no perfil de sensibilidade e resistência que podem comprometer o tratamento do animal bem como os programas de controle da mastite bovina causada pelo Staphylococcus spp.The objective of the investigation was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial sensibility of 291 isolates of Staphylococcus spp., taken from the mammary glands of dairy cows with subclinical mastitis in the regions of Metropolitan Recife (A), Agreste (B) and Zona da Mata (C) in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. From the 291 isolates, 170 (58.4%) were identified as negative coagulase Staphylococcus (SCN), 84 (28.9%) as Staphylococcus aureus, and 37 (12.7%) as positive coagulase Staphylococcus (SCP). To study sensitivity to antimicrobials, the diffusion in disks method was used with 16 antimicrobial drugs commonly employed in the treatment of mastitis. The most efficient antibiotic in vitro was the combination of neomicine + bacitracine + tetracycline with percentages of 98.4%, 99.3%, and 89.7% for the A, B, and C regions, respectively. The least efficient was ampicillin, which was resistant to 56.5% of the isolates taken from region A, 72.8% from region B, and 71.8% from region C. These results indicate the need for periodic testing of sensitivity in vitro, as these variations can compromise the treatment of animals as well as control programs for bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus spp

Fisheries interactions of Delphinus delphis in the north-east Atlantic with an emphasis on Galicia, north-west Spain.

Bycatch from interactions with fisherie s remains the biggest global threat to marine mammals. Galicia, north - west Spain, is one of the world’s main fishing regions and a high level of cetacean - fisheries interactions has been reported from on - board observers, interviews with fisheries stakeholde rs and analysis of stranded and by - caught carcasses. Delphinus delphis is the most abundant cetacean in the area and since 1990 necropsies of over 1800 stranded and by - caught Delphinus have been conducted. Life history data (age, maturity, and pregnancy ra te data) from stranded and by - caught cetaceans can be used to construct life tables and to estimate overall mortality and fisheries mortality rates. Age and maturity were determined from stranded and by - caught Delphinus between 1990 and 2009. Males and fem ales reach sexual maturity at 8.5 and 7.5 years of age, respectively, and no temporal difference in age at sexual maturity was observed. Results indicate 13% annual mortality in the Delphinus delphis north - east Atlantic population and necropsy data suggest s that 60% of mortality (i.e. 7.2% annual mortality) is attributable to fisheries interactions, predominantly from pair trawls and gillnets. By - caught Delphinus were found to die significantly younger than non - by - caught animals (p=<0.001) although no sex - r elated difference in bycatch rate was observed (p=0.051). The estimated annual mortality due to fisheries interactions greatly exceeds the 2% limit set by ASCOBANS and the IWC and high bycatch rates are also reported for other countries e.g. the UK, France and Portugal. Although Delphinus delphis in the north - east Atlantic is one continuous population, the high level of bycatch occurring in parts of the range is most likely unsustainable and will be discussed. There is a need to carry out on - board monitorin g, notably in the north - west Iberian Peninsula (Galicia and Portugal), to incorporate cetacean bycatch into fisheries advice and, above all, to start introducing mitigation measures

Utilização da equação de Hargreaves Samani para o cálculo da ETo em estufas

PosterA equação de Hargreaves Samani, HS, tem sido utilizada com sucesso para o cálculo da Evapotranspiração, Eto, ao ar livre. Os resultados indicam uma boa correlação entre a Eto obtida por este método e a obtida pelo método de Penman-Monteith, PM, que exige um conjunto maior de parâmetros. Até a data pouco se sabe sobre a aplicabilidade da equação de HS em agricultura protegida. Neste ensaio foram instalados minilisimetros numa estufa na Herdade de Mitra, Évora. A cultura utilizada foi a relva, por forma a eliminar a necessidade de determinação exacta do coeficiente cultural. Foram medidos em intervalos de 15 minutos a Temperatura do ar, radiação, Humidade Relativa e o vento no interior e exterior da estufa. A equação de HS foi calibrada com base nos valores dos lisimetros e com base na equação de PM. Os resultados indicam que no interior da estufa há uma diminuição da radiação em 44%, e o aumento da temperatura máxima em 2,4ºC e da temperatura mínima em 3,7ºC. A utilização da estufa permitiu uma poupança de água de 42% A equação de HS resulta em boas estimativas de Eto, desde que seja devidamente calibrada para a radiação no interior da estufa. A inclusão da radiação no cálculo da Eto pela equação de HS não melhora os resultados--------------------------ABSTRACT----The Hargreaves Samani equation, HS, has been used successfully for calculating Evapotranspiration, Eto, in open air. The results indicate a good correlation between Eto obtained with this method and that obtained through the Penman- Monteith, PM, method, which requires a larger number of parameters. Until now, little is known about the use of the HS equation in greenhouses. In this work, mini-lysimeters were installed in a greenhouse at the Mitra Experimental Farm, in Évora. Lawn was used as the crop, in order to eliminate the need for the exact determination of the crop coefficient. Air temperature, radiation, relative humidity and wind were measured at 15 minute intervals inside and outside of the greenhouse. The HS equation was calibrated based on the values from the lysimeters and the PM equation. The results indicate that inside the greenhouse the radiation decreases by 44%, maximum temperature increases by 2.4ºC and the minimum temperature by 3,7ºC. The use of greenhouse resulted in a water saving of 42%. The HS equation results in good estimates of Eto once it has been calibrated for the radiation intensity inside the greenhouse. The inclusion of the radiation in the calculation of Eto by the HS equation did not improve the results

Using polyacrylamide with sprinkler irrigation to improve infiltration

Center-pivot irrigation systems often apply water at rates greater than the soil infiltration rate. Applying high molecular weight, water-soluble, anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) to the soil can improve infiltration and reduce soil erosion The objective of this study was to determine whether single and multiple PAM applications with sprinkler irrigation improved infiltration under field conditions. A two-year study conducted near Kimberly, Idaho, used a solid-set sprinkler system, and a one-year study conducted in Monte dos Alhos near Alvalade do Sado, Portugal, used a center pivot. At Kimberly, applying PAM with four irrigations (total applied PAM was 2.1 kg ha-1 in 2000 and 3.0 kg ha-1 in 2001) significantly reduced total measured runoff, from 5.9 mm (2000) and 9.2 mm (2001) for the control to 2.0 and 2.1 mm. Total measured soil erosion was also reduced from 52 and 34 kg ha 1 for the control to 21 and 5 kg ha 1 for the multiple PAM treatment. Applying similar or greater amounts of PAM with a single irrigation reduced erosion, but not runoff, compared with the control. In the Monte dos Alhos study, runoff was reduced by applying a total of 0.3 kg PAM ha 1 with a single irrigation (43 mm runoff) or three irrigations (65 mm runoff) compared with the control (111 mm runoff). Measured soil erosion was not significantly different among treatments. Applying PAM with multiple irrigations extended its effectiveness as long as the application rate was great enough to adequately stabilize the soil surface during the first irrigation