Caracterización ecológica de las categorías comerciales de bajo valor económico de la flota artesanal de las Baleares. Implicaciones para la gestión sostenible de los recursos pesqueros.

La pesca artesanal es una práctica de pesca muy antigua caracterizada por utilizar técnicas tradicionales de pesca. Las Islas Baleares, como otras islas, se han caracterizado por utilizar este tipo de pesca desde hace años desarrollándose una importante actividad socio-económica a su alrededor. Sin embargo, los efectos ecológicos que produce la pesca artesanal son muy poco conocidos en comparación con la pesca industrial, sobre todo en aquellas especies que tienen un valor económico bajo, pero que pueden desempeñar un papel clave en el ecosistema. En el siguiente trabajo, se ha realizado la caracterización de este tipo de capturas producidas por la pesca artesanal de la Isla de Mallorca. Los resultados son relevantes y muestran una gran variabilidad en las capturas. Esta variabilidad se debe a un sorprendente número de especies observadas que llega hasta las 60 especies, así como por la multitud de estrategias tróficas descritas (desde los grandes depredadores costeros hasta pequeñas especies costeras herbívoras y micrógrafas). Aunque existe un efecto estacional significativo en las capturas, la variabilidad explicada es muy baja y la mayoría de especies son capturadas independientemente de la estación del año. Las tallas de la mayoría de las especies muestreadas están por debajo del 50% de la talla máxima descrita, lo cual indica que esta categoría comercial está especialmente dirigida a pequeños individuos, que en su mayoría podrían ser inmaduros sexualmente. De hecho, para algunas de las especies se describe una alto porcentaje (e.g., 71% en Diplodus vulgaris) de capturas por debajo de la talla legal de venta, lo cual justifica este tipo de estudios. En general, se describe por primera vez la comunidad de peces de bajo valor económico, explotados por la pesca artesanal y se discuten sus implicaciones para una extracción sostenible de los recursos marinos

Empirical evidence for species-specific export of fish naïveté from a no-take marine protected area in a coastal recreational hook and line fishery

© 2015 Alós et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. No-take marine protected areas (MPAs) are assumed to enhance fisheries catch via the >spillover> effect, where biomass is exported to adjacent exploited areas. Recent studies in spearfishing fisheries suggest that the spillover of gear-naïve individuals from protected to unprotected sites increases catch rates outside the boundaries of MPAs. Whether this is a widespread phenomenon that also holds for other gear types and species is unknown. In this study, we tested if the distance to a Mediterranean MPA predicted the degree of vulnerability to hook and line in four small-bodied coastal fish species.With the assistance of underwater video recording, we investigated the interaction effect of the distance to the boundary of an MPA and species type relative to the latency time to ingest a natural bait, which was considered as a surrogate of fish naïveté or vulnerability to fishing. Vulnerability to angling increased (i.e., latency time decreased) within and near the boundary of an MPA for an intrinsically highly catchable species (Serranus scriba), while it remained constant for an intrinsically uncatchable control species (Chromis chromis). While all of the individuals of S. scriba observed within the MPA and surrounding areas were in essence captured by angling gear, only one fifth of individuals in the far locations were captured. This supports the potential for the spillover of gear-naïve and consequently more vulnerable fish from no-take MPAs. Two other species initially characterized as intermediately catchable (Coris julis and Diplodus annularis) also had a shorter latency time in the vicinity of an MPA, but for these two cases the trend was not statistically significant. Overall, our results suggest that an MPA-induced naïveté effect may not be universal and may be confined to only intrinsically highly catchable fish species. This fact emphasizes the importance of considering the behavioural dimension when predicting the outcomes of MPAs, otherwise the effective contribution may be smaller than predicted for certain highly catchable species such as S. scriba.This study was funded through a Marie Curie Post-Doc grant (Project Fish&Fishers, FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF, grant # 327160). JA and RA received additional funding from the B-Types project funded through Leibniz Competition (grant # SAW-2013-IGB-2). CDG was funded by FPI-INIA-2012 grant and MP and CDG by the research project REC2 (grant#CTM2011-23835)Peer Reviewe

Lactobacillus oeni sp. nov., from wine

Ten Lactobacillus strains, previously isolated from different Bobal grape wines from the Utiel-Requena Origin Denomination of Spain, were characterized phylogenetically, genotypically and phenotypically. The 16S rRNA genes were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis showed that they form a tight phylogenetic clade that is closely related to reference strains Lactobacillus satsumensis NRIC 0604T, 'Lactobacillus uvarum' 8 and Lactobacillus mali DSM 20444T. DNA-DNA hybridization results confirmed the separation of the strains from other Lactobacillus species. Genotypically, the strains could be differentiated from their closest neighbours by 16S amplified rDNA restriction analysis and random amplified polymorphic DNA patterns. The strains were Gram-staining-positive, facultatively anaerobic rods that did not exhibit catalase activity. Phenotypically, they could be distinguished from their closest relatives by several traits such as their inabilities to grow at pH 3.3, to ferment sucrose, amygdalin and arbutin or to hydrolyse aesculin. The characteristics of the ten wine isolates suggest that they represent a novel species, for which the name Lactobacillus oeni sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 59bT (=CECT 7334T =DSM 19972T). © 2009 IUMS.This work has been partially supported by CYCYT ALI97-1077-C02-01 and RM2007-00007-00-00. We wish to thank Mercedes Urdiain for kindly helping with the hybridization and G+C analysis. R. R.-M. acknowledges the financial support of the project CLG2006-12714-C02-02 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and EducationPeer Reviewe

Lactobacillus uvarum sp. nov. - A new lactic acid bacterium isolated from Spanish Bobal grape must

Five strains isolated from grape musts in Spain in 1997, have been characterized by several molecular techniques, and three of them have been identified as pertaining to a new species. All strains are Gram-positive rods, aerotolerant and homofermentative bacteria that do not exhibit catalase activity. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed these strains within the genus Lactobacillus, closely related to Lactobacillus mali. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments confirmed that strain 71 belongs to the lately described species L. satsumensis, strain 88 belongs to L. mali and the other three isolates have an independent status at species level. Restriction analysis of the amplified 16S rRNA gene (16S-ARDRA), internal spacer region (ISR) analysis, random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD) and ribotyping were performed in order to establish genotypic similarities and differences between the new species and their closest species. The three isolates can be genetically differentiated from their closest relatives by RAPD analysis and ribotyping. Phenotypically, they can be distinguished by several traits such as their ability to grow at pH 3.3 and NaCl 5% (w/v) and by certain carbohydrate fermentations. The name L. uvarum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 8T (=DSM 19971T=colección española de cultivos tipo (CECT) 7335T). © 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.This work has been partially supported by the AGL2003-03689 and RM2007-00007-00-00 research projectsPeer Reviewe

Data from: Empirical evidence for species-specific export of fish naïveté from a no-take marine protected area in a coastal recreational hook and line fishery

No-take marine protected areas (MPAs) are assumed to enhance fisheries catch via the “spillover” effect, where biomass is exported to adjacent exploited areas. Recent studies in spearfishing fisheries suggest that the spillover of gear-naïve individuals from protected to unprotected sites increases catch rates outside the boundaries of MPAs. Whether this is a widespread phenomenon that also holds for other gear types and species is unknown. In this study, we tested if the distance to a Mediterranean MPA predicted the degree of vulnerability to hook and line in four small-bodied coastal fish species. With the assistance of underwater video recording, we investigated the interaction effect of the distance to the boundary of an MPA and species type relative to the latency time to ingest a natural bait, which was considered as a surrogate of fish naïveté or vulnerability to fishing. Vulnerability to angling increased (i.e., latency time decreased) within and near the boundary of an MPA for an intrinsically highly catchable species (Serranus scriba), while it remained constant for an intrinsically uncatchable control species (Chromis chromis). While all of the individuals of S. scriba observed within the MPA and surrounding areas were in essence captured by angling gear, only one fifth of individuals in the far locations were captured. This supports the potential for the spillover of gear-naïve and consequently more vulnerable fish from no-take MPAs. Two other species initially characterized as intermediately catchable (Coris julis and Diplodus annularis) also had a shorter latency time in the vicinity of an MPA, but for these two cases the trend was not statistically significant. Overall, our results suggest that an MPA-induced naïveté effect may not be universal and may be confined to only intrinsically highly catchable fish species. This fact emphasizes the importance of considering the behavioural dimension when predicting the outcomes of MPAs, otherwise the effective contribution may be smaller than predicted for certain highly catchable species such as S. scriba

Data base

Latency time (in seconds) and event (bite=1 or not=0) measured in the four species evaluated in the study (Chromis chromis, Coris julis, Serranus scriba and Diplodus annularis) at different distances (in m) to the no-take of Palma Bay. The covariates of the habitat (PCA1 and PCA2) and density of other fish are also included

Results of the survival analysis (Cox regression model).

<p>Concordance = 0.724 (s.e. = 0.026). R-square = 0.331 (max possible = 0.991).</p><p>The effects on LT (seconds) of the explanatory variables, species, distance to the MPA and their interaction and the density of fish were retained by the AIC-based model selection. The regression coefficients (coef) of the logarithm of the hazard ratio and its standard error (s.e.), the exponent of the coefficient for interpretation, the z-value and p-value of the minimal adequate Cox regression model are shown.</p

Histogram of distances to the boundary of the marine protected area (MPA) of the Palma Bay (Mallorca Island, NW Mediterranean Sea) of the study site locations (n = 54) where the underwater video cameras were deployed to measure the latency times.

<p>We plotted the one-dimensional distribution of the distances considered in the study. Note that negative distances from the boundary are located inside the no-take MPA, minimum values are -1,042 m and maximum distance 10,649 m away from the MPA’s boundary.</p

Histogram of the latency times (in seconds) and sample size of the four species considered in this study.

<p>Histogram of the latency times (in seconds) and sample size of the four species considered in this study.</p

Predicted survivorship from the Cox regression.

<p>The panel (A) shows a box-plot of the distribution of distances to the boundary for sampling points within (up), close (mid) and far (lower) to the MPA. The vertical red dashed line indicates the boundary of the MPA. The panel (B) shows the predicted survivorship probability (y-axes) as a function of latency time (LT) (x-axes, in seconds) for the four species considered: <i>C</i>. <i>julis</i> (orange), <i>D</i>. <i>annularis</i> (red), <i>C</i>. <i>chromis</i> (yellow) and <i>S</i>. <i>scriba</i> (blue). The lower-left, lower-mid and the lower-right panels correspond to sampling point locations within, close and far to the MPA, respectively,. Solid lines indicate the expected survivorship probability and dashed lines the 5% confidence intervals. Note that <i>S</i>. <i>scriba</i> shows different survivorship (~naïveté) pattern depending on the distance to the boundary of the marine protected area (MPA).</p