How Many Endobains Are There?

Oxidative metabolism is very active in brain, where large amounts of chemical energy as ATP molecules are consumed, mostly required to maintain cellular Na+/K+ gradients through the participation of the sodium pump (Na+,K+-ATPase), whose activity is selectively and potently inhibited by the alkaloid ouabain. Na+/K+ gradients are involved in nerve impulse propagation, in neurotransmitter release and cation homeostasis in the nervous system. Likewise, enzyme activity modulation is crucial for maintaining normal blood pressure and cardiovascular contractility as well as renal sodium excretion. The present article reviews the progress in disclosing putative ouabain-like substances, examines their denomination according to different research teams, tissue or biological fluid sources, extraction and purification, assays, biological properties and chemical and biophysical features. When data is available, comparison with ouabain itself is mentioned. Likewise, their potential action in normal physiology as well as in experimental and human pathology is summarized.Fil: Rodriguez, Georgina Emma. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia ; Argentin

The struggle for autonomy in the forbidden country of Tibet

Thesis (B.A.) in Political Science--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1992.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 37)Microfiche of typescript. [Urbana, Ill.]: Photographic Services, University of Illinois, U of I Library, [1992]. 2 microfiches (41 frames): negative.s 1992 ilu n

Out on Campus

This podcast is the result of an ethnography assignment for Anthropology 103. A transcript is available. For their project the student interviewed LGBTQ students from a community college and a four-year college to find out how their school choices impacted their lives and to check whether students were aware of campus resources available to them. A transcript is availabl

Brain Na+, K+-ATPase activity In aging and disease

Na+/K+ pump or sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine 5’-triphosphatase (Na+, K+-ATPase), its enzymatic version, is a crucial protein responsible for the electrochemical gradient across the cell membranes. It is an ion transporter, which in addition to exchange cations, is the ligand for cardenolides. This enzyme regulates the entry of K+ with the exit of Na+ from cells, being the responsible for Na+/K+ equilibrium maintenance through neuronal membranes. This transport system couples the hydrolysis of one molecule of ATP to exchange three sodium ions for two potassium ions, thus maintaining the normal gradient of these cations in animal cells. Oxidative metabolism is very active in brain, where large amounts of chemical energy as ATP molecules are consumed, mostly required for the maintenance of the ionic gradients that underlie resting and action potentials which are involved in nerve impulse propagation, neurotransmitter release and cation homeostasis. Protein phosphorylation is a key process in biological regulation. At nervous system level, protein phosphorylation is the major molecular mechanism through which the function of neural proteins is modulted in response to extracellular signals, including the response to neurotransmitter stimuli. It is the major mechanism of neural plasticity, including memory processing. The phosphorylation of Na+, K+-ATPase catalytic subunit inhibits enzyme activity whereas the inhibition of protein kinase C restores the enzyme activity. The dephosphorylation of neuronal Na+, K+-ATPase is mediated by calcineurin, a serine / threonine phosphatase. The latter enzyme is involved in a wide range of cellular responses to Ca2+ mobilizing signals, in the regulation of neuronal excitability by controlling the activity of ion channels, in the release of neurotransmitters and hormones, as well as in synaptic plasticity and gene transcription. In the present article evidence showing Na+, K+-ATPase involvement in signaling pathways, enzyme changes in diverse neurological diseases as well as during aging, have been summarized. Issues refer mainly to Na+, K+-ATPase studies in ischemia, brain injury, depression and mood disorders, mania, stress, Alzheimer´s disease, learning and memory, and neuronal hyperexcitability and epilepsy.Fil: Rodriguez, Georgina Emma. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; ArgentinaFil: López Ordieres, María Graciela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Farmacología. Cátedra de Farmacología; Argentin

A comparative study between a brain Na+,K+-ATPase inhibitor (endobain E) and ascorbic acid

In the search of Na+,K+-ATPase modulators, we have reported the isolation by gel filtration and HPLC of a brain fraction, termed endobain E, which highly inhibits Na+,K+-ATPase activity. In the present study we compared some properties of endobain E with those of ascorbic acid. Kinetic experiments assaying synaptosomal membrane K+-p-nitrophenylphosphatase (K+p-NPPase) activity in the presence of endobain E or ascorbic acid showed that in neither case did enzyme inhibition prove competitive in nature versus K+ or p-NPP concentration. At pH 5.0, endobain E and ascorbic acid maximal UV absorbance was 266 and 258 nm, respectively; alkalinization to pH 14.0 led to absorption drop and shift for endobain E but to absorbance disappearance for ascorbic acid. After cysteine treatment, endobain E absorbance decreased, whereas that of ascorbic acid remained unaltered; iodine treatment led to absorbance drop and shift for endobain E but to absorbance disappearance for ascorbic acid. HPLC analysis of endobain E disclosed the presence of two components: one eluting with retention time and UV spectrum indistinguishable from those of ascorbic acid and a second, as yet unidentified, both exerting Na+,K+-ATPase inhibition.Fil: Rodriguez, Georgina Emma. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; ArgentinaFil: Herbin, T.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; ArgentinaFil: Peña, Clara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; Argentin

Ejercicio irregular de la libertad de expresión y la afectación del derecho al honor, en los canales de TV de señal abierta, Lima 2021

En los últimos tiempos la televisión digital terrestre gratuita ha logrado llegar a la mayoría de hogares peruanos con el objetivo de ejercer el derecho a la información. En toda sociedad demócrata la libertad de expresión resulta importante para el acuerdo de posturas y la elaboración de una opinión pública libre de censura. El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo general determinar de qué manera el ejercicio irregular de la libertad de expresión afecta el derecho al honor, en los canales de TV de señal abierta, Lima 2021. La investigación se basó en un enfoque cualitativo de tipo básica descriptiva con un diseño de estudio no experimental haciendo uso de la teoría fundamentada, análisis jurídico del derecho comparado y el desarrollo de un cuestionario de entrevistas. Se concluyó, que existe un aprovechamiento del derecho de la libertad de expresión en relación con el derecho al honor de periodistas y medios de comunicación de señal abierta. Se propuso la actualización de nuevas normas constitucionales, la implementación, difusión de los procedimientos éticos y deontológicos y la creación de un organismo autónomo con la participación activa de la sociedad civil