Vestigios del recurso costero en el sitio arqueológico de Teopancazco, Teotihuacan, Estado de México

This research is a synthesis of the work Capture, preparation, and differential use of the ichthyofauna found in the archaeological site of Teopancazco, Teotihuacan, which emphasizes the discovery of different bone fish found in the archaeological context of Teotihuacán, something truly unusual in this area of the central Mexican plateau. The archaeological site where took place the finding of these materials is the center of neighborhood of Teopancazco, site that is located on the periphery of the ceremonial center, and tourism, the mythical «City of the gods». Here the presence of fish varieties such as bobo mullet (Joturus pichardi), red snapper (Lutjanus sp), common snook (Centropomus sp), mojarra (Diapterus sp) or barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda), to mention some, breaks with the false idea that, at pre-Hispanic era, the ancient Teotihuacans had no access to, or taste for, coastal resources.El presente artículo es una síntesis del trabajo de investigación Captura, preparación y uso diferencial de la ictiofauna encontrada en el sitio arqueológico de Teopancazco, Teotihuacan, el cual hace hincapié en el hallazgo de diferentes huesos de peces encontrados en el contexto arqueológico de Teotihuacan, algo realmente inusual en esta área del altiplano central mexicano. El sitio arqueológico donde se efectuó el hallazgo de dichos materiales es el centro del barrio de Teopancazco, lugar que se ubica en la periferia del centro ceremonial, y turístico, de la mítica «Ciudad de los dioses». Aquí la presencia de variedades ícticas como el pez bobo (Joturus pichardi), el huachinango (Lutjanus sp), robalo (Centropomus sp), mojarras (Diapterus sp) o barracudas (Sphyraena barracuda), por citar algunas, rompe con la falsa idea de que en época prehispánica los antiguos teotihuacanos no tenían acceso, ni gusto, por los recursos costeros

Antibiotic residues in milk and cheeses after the off-label use of macrolides in dairy goats

[EN] The limited availability of drugs registered for dairy goats makes veterinarians prescribe off-label treatments with a legally established minimum safety period of seven days. The aim of this work was to verify if the exceptional use of macrolide antibiotics in dairy goats generates residues in milk and cheeses within that period. Hence, three macrolide drugs (erythromycin, tylosin and spiramycin) were administred in an in vivo experiment in dairy goats. Ripened cheeses were made from bulk milk obtained before drug administration, 24¿h after treatment, and at the end of the recommended withdrawal period. Residual amounts of erythromycin (234.9¿±¿52.7¿¿g/kg), tylosin (198.7¿±¿57.8¿¿g/kg) and spiramycin (1539.8¿±¿469.4¿¿g/kg), widely exceeding their legal maximum residue limits (MRLs) established, were detected in milk collected 24¿h after treatment, making the cheese production in most cases impossible. After the seven-day period, only spiramycin was detected in goat¿s milk (79.6¿±¿19.2¿¿g/kg) although no antibiotic residues were found in the cheeses. A withdrawal time of seven days seems suitable to guarantee milk safety after the administration of erythromycin and tylosin without any negative effects neither on the milk nor on the and cheese properties. However, given the rapid elimination of these substances, a shorter withdrawal period might be considered. For spiramycin, persisting in milk for a longer period, further studies on its pharmacokinetics in dairy goats would be recommendable to avoid a potential risk to consumer health.This work is part of the AGL-2013-45147-R funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (Madrid. Spain). The authors thank the 'Program of Support for Research and Development' (PAID-2014, UPV) for support P. Quintanilla PhD studies at Universitat Politecnica de Valencia.Quintanilla-Vázquez, PG.; Beltrán Martínez, MC.; Peris Palau, B.; Rodríguez Garcia, M.; Molina Pons, MP. (2018). Antibiotic residues in milk and cheeses after the off-label use of macrolides in dairy goats. Small Ruminant Research. 167:55-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.08.008S556016

Zooarchaeology, manufacture and ritual clothing at the ancient city of Teotihuacán, Mexico

La ciudad de Teotihuacan (siglos I-VI d.C.) es el centro urbano del México prehispánico más estudiado a nivel arqueológico y arqueozoológico, lo cual permite conocer la forma en que eran manejados los recursos animales. Generalmente los lepóridos, perros, venados, anátidos y pavos constituyen la gran mayoría de los restos arqueo­zoológicos descubiertos, involucrados principalmente con actividades de alimentación. En el centro de barrio de Teopancazco, excavado extensivamente de 1997 a 2005 por Linda R. Manzanilla y su equipo, fue descubierto un grupo de cuartos adyacentes (particularmente C251A) cuya abundancia de restos faunísticos y diversidad de especies rebasa por mucho lo que generalmente se observa, condición complementada por la abundancia de he­rramientas de hueso, principalmente agujas de costura e instrumentos para el trabajo de pieles. El análisis de esta colección llevó a la propuesta de que en este espacio se confeccionaban vestimentas rituales que utilizaba la elite intermedia que regía el centro de barrio, opción apoyada por la existencia de murales en donde aparecen persona­jes ataviados con indumentarias que portan gran cantidad de elementos de origen animal, particularmente marino (el “sacerdote del océano”, según Kubler). El análisis de esta colección permitió proponer que esta actividad de confección y costura había abarcado un espacio de dos siglos (350-550 d.C.).The city of Teotihuacan (I-VI centuries AD) is the most studied Prehispanic urban center in Mexico from the archaeological and archaeozoological points of view. This allows us to know how faunal resources were managed. Generally leporids, dogs, deer, ducks and turkeys are the most frequently found, particularly related to food consumption activities. In the Teopancazco neighborhood center, which has been extensively excavated from 1997-2005 by Linda R. Manzanilla and her team, a series of adjacent rooms (particularly C251A) show faunal abundance and species diversity way beyond what is generally observed at that site. This fact is complemented by the abundance of bone instruments, particularly needles and instruments for hide preparation. The analysis of all the data allowed us to propose that this space was used as part of the tailoring activities of attires and headdresses used by the intermediate elite that administered the neighborhood in their ritual activities, an option backed by the mural paintings at the site, which represent the “ocean priests”, as Kubler once mentioned. With the spatial analysis of the adjacent rooms, we may propose that the “tailors’ shop” was used as such during two centuries (AD 350-550).

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file