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Učinak prehrane na krvni tlak

Rad ne sadrži sažetak

IMPORTANCE OF HIGH QUALITY DATA FOR CREATING POLICIES FOR PREVENTION OF FAMILY VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN

Za unapređenje prevencije i zaštite djece od nasilja u obitelji nužan je dobar sustav evidentiranja i praćenja podataka o opsegu i obilježjima nasilja nad djecom te poduzimanim intervencijama. U radu su prikazana, kao primjeri dobre prakse sustavnog prikupljanja i praćenja podataka o nasilju nad djecom u obitelji, iskustva iz Sjedinjenih Američkih Država i Kanade. Kritički je prikazan postojeći sustav prikupljanja i praćenja podataka o djeci izloženoj nasilju u obitelji u Hrvatskoj s posebni osvrtom na sustav socijalne skrbi. Temeljem Smjernica za prikupljanje i sustava praćenja zlostavljanja djece (ChildONEurope, 2009.) i drugih relevantnih izvora ponuđene su preporuke kako uspostaviti djelotvoran sustav prikupljanja i praćenja podataka o djeci izloženoj nasilju u obitelji u Hrvatskoj koji će biti okosnica nacionalnih politika i praćenja djelotvornosti prevencije i tretmanskih intervencija. Istaknut je značaj definiranja indikatora dobrobiti djece pri kreiranju baza za prikupljanje i praćenje podataka o djeci. Posebna pozornost posvećena je različitim izvorima podataka o nasilju nad djecom te nužnosti njihovog uzajamnog nadopunjavanja. Istaknut je i značaj motiviranja stručnjaka koji prikupljaju ove podatke.Improving prevention and protection of children from domestic violence requires a high quality system of collecting recording and monitoring data of exposure to family violence against children, and related interventions. The paper presents good practices in systematic recording and monitoring of data on family violence against children in the United States and Canada. It also presents a critical analysis of the existing system of collecting and monitoring data on children exposed to family violence in Croatia with a special focus on social welfare system. Based on Guidelines on Data Collection and Monitoring Systems on Child Abuse (ChildONEurope, 2009) and other relevant sources, the paper provides recommendations for establishing efficient system of data collecting and monitoring on children exposed to family violence in Croatia that should become the basis for national policies and efficiency assessment of prevention and treatment interventions. The importance of defining indicators of child well-being is emphasised. Special attention is given to complementary use of various sources of data on violence on children. The importance of motivating professionals involved in the data collection is emphasised as well

CHILD POVERTY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PROFESSIONALS: ITS EFFECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ACTION

Cilj rada je prikazati mišljenje stručnjaka iz sustava socijalne skrbi, obrazovanja, organizacija civilnog društva i jedinica lokalne uprave i samouprave o učincima ekonomske krize na dobrobit obitelji i djece te o mogućnostima razvoja socijalnih inovacija u prevenciji i olakšavanju siromaštva djece. U istraživanja je sudjelovalo 22 stručnjaka okupljena u tri fokusne grupe: (1) stručnjaci iz organizacija civilnog društva uključujući vjerske organizacije i iz jedinica lokalne samouprave (7 sudionika), (2) učitelji i stručni suradnici u školama (6 sudionika) te (3) stručnjaci centra za socijalnu skrb (9 sudionika). Stručnjaci prepoznaju negativni utjecaj ekonomski krize, rizika od siromaštva i siromaštva na svim razinama – na dobrobit djecu, funkcioniranje obitelji i obiteljske odnose, stručnjake i sustav pružanja pomoći, posebice sustav socijalne skrbi. Poseban doprinos ovog istraživanja je što zaokruženo prikazuje složenost procesa u obitelji suočenih s rizikom siromaštva ili siromaštvom u kojoj je socijalna isključenost zbog nezaposlenosti povezana sa slabljenjem formalnih i neformalnih socijalnih mreža, osjećajem besperspektivnosti i srama povezana s narušenim obiteljskim odnosima te posljedično rizike po obrazovanje, razvoj i psihofizičku u socijalnu dobrobit djece. Ukazuju i na problem suradnje dionika u pružanju koordinirane i svrsishodne pomoći obiteljima i djeci u riziku od siromaštva ili koje žive u siromaštvu, na regionalne razlike, problem dostupnosti usluga predškolskog odgoja i obrazovanja te diskontinuitet u financiranju programa civilnog društva i jedinica lokalne samouprave koji bi mogli olakšati i umanjiti rizike života u siromaštvu. I ovo istraživanje pokazalo je da su organizacije civilnog društva percipirane kao pokretač razvoja socijalnih inovacija, no ističu kao prepreku nefleksibilnost i preveliku normiranost zakonsko-administrativnog okvira koji često onemogućava inovativne pristupe.The objective of this paper is to present the opinion of professionals engaged in the systems of social welfare, education, civil society organisations, and local government and self-government concerning the effects of the economic crisis on the well-being of the family and children as well as on opportunities for developing social innovations in the prevention and easing of child poverty. Research included 22 child care professionals organised into three focus groups: (1) helpers from civil society organisations, including religious organisations, and from local self-government (seven participants), (2) teachers and professional assistants in schools (six participants), and (3) professionals from social welfare centres (nine participants). The professionals recognise the negative impact of the economic crisis, risk of poverty, and of poverty at all levels: on the well-being of children, functioning of the family and family relations, professionals and the system of providing assistance, especially the social welfare system. This paper offers a holistic picture of the complexity of the processes in families facing the risk of poverty or poverty itself as social exclusion resulting from unemployment is connected with the weakening of formal and informal social networks, prevailing sense of hopelessness and shame in view of deteriorated family relations, and the consequential risks relating to education, development, and the psychophysical as well as social well-being of children. It also emphasises the problem of co-operation between stakeholders in the provision of co-ordinated and purposeful assistance to families and children at the risk of poverty or those who live in poverty as well as of regional differences and the availability of preschool education services, and discontinuity in the financing of the programmes of civil society programmes and local self-government that could ease and reduce the risks of living in poverty. This research also shows that civil society organisations are perceived as the initiator of social innovation development, but the authors emphasize the obstacle of inflexibility and excessive regulation of the legal and administrative framework that often makes innovative approaches impossible

Frecuencia del acoso escolar y su relación con las características de adolescentes y violencia sufrida en el entorno familiar

U radu su prikazani rezultati prvog istraživanja vršnjačkog nasilja provedenog u Hrvatskoj na nacionalno reprezentativnom uzorku. Cilj je istraživanja bio ispitati raširenost vršnjačkog nasilja te obilježja djece koja na različite načine sudjeluju u takvu nasilju. Posebna je pozornost posvećena doživljavanju nasilja u obitelji i njegovu odnosu s uključenošću u vršnjačko nasilje. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 3470 djece u dobi od 11, 13 i 16 godina (5. i 7. razred osnovne te 2. razred srednje škole). Pokazalo se kako je 64.1% djece neuključeno u vršnjačko nasilje, 14.8% su žrtve, 6.3% počinitelji, a 14.8% je počinitelja žrtava. Vršnjačko nasilje raste s dobi kada se radi o broju učenika koji su uključeni kao počinitelji i počinitelji žrtve, dok udio žrtava vršnjačkog nasilja opada nakon 7. razreda osnovne škole. Djevojčice su u većem udjelu žrtve i počinitelji žrtve te u većoj mjeri sudjeluju u relacijskom nasilju, dok su dječaci češće uključeni u fizičko i verbalno nasilje. U svim skupinama djece koja doživljavaju nasilje veći je udio onih koji imaju ispodprosječan materijalni status, a počinitelji su češće djeca iz obitelji iznadprosječnog materijalnog statusa. Među djecom koja nisu uključena u vršnjačko nasilje najmanje je onih koji su tijekom života bili izloženi nasilju u obitelji, dok ih je najviše među počiniteljima žrtvama vršnjačkog nasilja. Prikazani su rezultati raspravljeni u kontekstu nalaza ranijih istraživanja te potencijalnih rizičnih čimbenika za uključenost djece u vršnjačko nasilje.This paper presents the results of the first survey of peer violence conducted in Croatia on a nationally representative sample. The aim of this study was to examine the presence of peer violence and characteristics of children who are involved in such violence in various ways. Special attention was given to the experience of domestic violence and its relationship to their involvement in bullying. The study included 3.470 children aged 11, 13 and 16 (fifth and seventh grade of primary and second grade of secondary school). The results showed that 64.1% of children are not involved in peer violence, 14.8% of them are victims, 6.3% perpetrators, and 14.8% are both victims and perpetrators. Peer violence increases with age when it comes to the number of pupils involved as perpetrators and victims-perpetrators, while the proportion of victims decreases after the seventh grade. Girls are more often victims and victims-perpetrators and are more involved in relational violence, while boys are more often involved in physical and verbal violence. There is a greater proportion of those who have below-average financial status in all groups of children who experience violence, while the perpetrators are more often children from families with an above-average financial status. The percentage of children who have experienced violence in the family is the smallest among children not involved in bullying and largest among victims-perpetrators. These results are discussed in the context of the findings of earlier research studies and potential risk factors for the involvement of children in peer violence.En el trabajo se han expuesto resultados de la primera investigación en Croacia sobre el acoso escolar en la muestra nacional representativa. El objetivo del trabajo fue examinar la difusión del acoso escolar y las características de los niños que de una u otra manera participan en esta violencia. Atención especial se prestó a la percepción de la violencia en el entorno familiar y su relación con el acoso escolar. En la investigación participaron 3470 niños a la edad de 11, 13 y 16 años (Vª y VIIª clase del colegio y IIª clase de la escuela secundaria). Resultó que el 64,1% de los niños no estaban incluidos en el acoso escolar, el 14,8% eran víctimas, el 6,3% autores y el 14,8% autores-víctimas. El acoso escolar aumenta con la edad cuando se trata del número de alumnos que son autores o tanto autores como víctimas, mientras que el porcentaje de las víctimas del acoso escolar disminuye después de la VIIª clase del colegio. Las niñas son mayormente víctimas y autores-víctimas y en mayor proporción participan en la violencia relacional, mientras que los niños están más incluidos en la violencia física y verbal. En todos los grupos de niños que sufren violencia son más numerosos aquellos que tienen una situación económica por debajo del promedio, y los autores son más a menudo niños de las familias de una situación económica por encima del promedio. Entre los niños no incluidos en el acoso escolar los menos numerosos son aquellos que durante la vida eran expuestos a la violencia en el entorno familiar, mientras que los más numerosos están en el grupo de autores-víctimas del acoso escolar. Los resultados expuestos se han discutido en el contexto de hallazgos de investigaciones previas y factores de riesgo potenciales para la participación de los niños en el acoso escolar

ANALYSIS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF INCIDENTS OF CHILD ABUSE CASES REGISTERED IN SOCIAL CARE CENTRES

Kvalitetni podaci i dobro praćenje slučajeva nasilja nad djecom su snažno oružje koje pridonosi planiranju i primjeni općih i specifičnih politika za djecu. U ovom radu analizirana je kvaliteta postojećeg sustava dokumentiranja prijavljenih događaja nasilja nad djecom u sustavu socijalne skrbi pod vidom njihove relevantnosti, jasnoće i osjetljivosti na specifičnosti pojedinih slučajeva u odnosu na međunarodne preporuke, ali i standarde evidencije i dokumentacije u hrvatskim propisima. Istraživanje je provedeno kao dio međunarodnog projekta BECAN. Populaciju istraživanja predstavljali su prijavljeni događaji nasilja nad djecom u obitelji u dobi od 11 do 16 godina koji su evidentirani u centrima za socijalnu skrb u 2010. godini. Uzorak je konstruiran kao dvoetapni probabilistički uzorak i obuhvaćao je 368 prijavljenih događaja nasilja nad djecom u obitelji u 37 CZSS. Analiza prijavljenih događaja nasilja nad djecom temeljila se na podacima koji su prikupljeni pomoću dvije provjerne liste: jedna se odnosila na obilježja odabranih slučajeva nasilja nad djecom u obitelji, a druga na dinamiku i načine postupanja nadležnih institucija u prijavljenim slučajevima. Analiza je pokazala da se u CZSS-ima sustavno ne bilježi niz značajnih podataka. Kad se radi o obilježjima počinitelja, u dokumentaciji se ne evidentira sustavno: stupanj obrazovanja, zloupotreba alkohola i psihoaktivnih supstanci, zdravstveni status, materijalni status, doživljeno zlostavljanje u djetinjstvu, prethodne prijave za slično djelo (za 35% do 90% počinitelja za to ne postoje podaci). Kad se radi o djeci žrtvama obiteljskog nasilja, ne evidentiraju se sustavno informacije o: poteškoćama vezanim uz obrazovanje, zdravstvenim problemima uključujući mentalno zdravlje, problemima u ponašanju, prethodnom iskustvu zlostavljanju (za 45% do 60% djece žrtava za to ne postoje podaci). Posebna pozornost posvećena je podatku da je kod 35% djece u uzorku bilo evidentirano prethodno iskustvo zlostavljanja što se povezalo s kritičkom analizom djelotvornosti poduzetih intervencija. Polazeći od analiziranih podataka te Smjernica za evidentiranje i praćenje zlostavljanja djece (ChildONEurope, 2009.) u završnom dijelu rada razrađeno je kako uspostaviti kvalitetan informacijski sustav o nasilju nad djecom te kako unaprijediti vođenje dokumentacije CZSS-a u području nasilja nad djecom.Quality data and efficient monitoring of cases of child abuse are essential tools for planning implementation of general and specific children-related policies. This paper analyses quality of the existing system of monitoring reported incidents of child abuse in the social care system in relation to its relevance, clarity and sensitivity to specificities of individual cases taking into account international guidelines, and registering and documenting standards stipulated by Croatian regulations. The research was conducted within the international project BECAN. The population consisted of reported incidents of child abuse aged 11-16 registered in social care centres in 2010. Two-stage probability sample of 368 registered incidents of violence on children in 37 social care centres was used. The analysis was based on data collected by two extraction forms, whereby the first one referred to the characteristics of the incident of family abuse of children, and the second reported dynamics and interventions implemented by relevant institutions. The analysis revealed that social care centres fail to systematically register a series of important data. As far as perpetrators’ characteristics are concerned, the documentation fails to systematically register the following data: level of education, alcohol and drug abuse, previous reports of similar behaviour (these data are not available for 35%-90% of perpetrators). As far as children are concerned, documentation fails to systematically register data on education-related problems, health (including mental health) problems, behaviour problems, previous abuse (these data are not available for 45%-60% of children). Special attention is given to the fact that previous abuse was registered among 35% of children from the sample and a critical analysis of the efficiency of undertaken interventions was provided. Based on the analysed data and Guidelines on Data Collection and Monitoring Systems on Child Abuse (ChildONEurope, 2009) the final section of the paper elaborates on how to establish a good information system on child abuse and how to improve the managing social care centres’ documentation in the field of violence on children

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE OF FAMILY VIOLENCE ON CHILDREN IN CROATIA

U radu su prikazani rezultati epidemiološkog istraživanja rasprostranjenosti nasilja nad djecom u Republici Hrvatskoj. Korišteni su dvoetapni probabilistički uzorci djece od 11, 13 i 16 godina, redovnih polaznika hrvatskih osnovnih i srednjih škola (N=3,644). Podaci su prikupljeni u sklopu međunarodnog istraživačkog FP7 projekta »BECAN – Balkan Epidemiological Study on Child Abuse and Neglect«. U istraživanju je korištena revidirana verzija ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool - Children’s Version (ICAST-C). Analiza prevalencija pokazala je da su djeca u obitelji najviše izložena psihičkoj agresiji (5. razred 59,0%; 7. razred 77,1%; 2. razred srednje škole 82,5%). Slijedi tjelesno kažnjavanje (5. razred 56,1%; 7. razred 68,4%; 2. razred srednje škole 72,3%), tjelesno zlostavljanje (5. razred 26,2%; 7. razred 34,0%; 2. razred srednje škole 40,7%) i, kao najmanje prisutno, psihičko zlostavljanje (5. razred 22,8%; 7. razred 26,8%; 2. razred srednje škole 34,8%). Postoji povezanost među svim kategorijama nasilja nad djecom, a najveća korelacija je između tjelesnog kažnjavanja i tjelesnog zlostavljanja (od 0,599 do 0,674). Očevi i majke su najčešći počinitelji psihičke agresije, psihičkog zlostavljanja i tjelesnog kažnjavanja. Kod djece u 5. razredu najčešći počinitelj tjelesnog zlostavljanja je brat. Oni su podjednako često navedeni kao počinitelji nasilja u obitelji prema djevojčicama i dječacima. Sestre se češće pojavljuju kao počiniteljice psihičke agresije, tjelesnog kažnjavanja i tjelesnog zlostavljanja prema djevojčicama nego prema dječacima. Većini djece nije bilo teško odgovarati na pitanja (95,2%) i biti iskren o nasilnim iskustvima u obitelji (90,8%). Ipak, kod djece koja su iskazala da im je bilo teško odgovarati i biti iskren statistički značajno je više onih koja su doživjela nasilje u obitelji.The paper presents the results of epidemiological research on the extent of family violence on children in the Republic of Croatia. The research used a two-phase design with a probability sample of children aged 11, 13 and 16 regularly enrolled into Croatian primary and secondary schools (N=3.644). Data was obtained within the international research FP7 project “BECAN – Balkan Epidemiological Study on Child Abuse and Neglect“. The research used the revised version of ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool - Children’s Version (ICAST-C). The prevalence analysis has shown that the most prevalent form of family violence on children is psychological aggression (5th grade 59.0%; 7th grade 77.1%; 10th grade 82.5%), followed by corporal punishment (5th grade 56.1%; 7th grade 68.4%; 10th grade 72.3%), physical abuse (5th grade 26.2%; 7th grade 34.0%; 10th grade 40.7%). The psychological abuse (5th grade 22.8%; 7th grade 26.8%; 10th grade 34.8%) reveals to be the least frequent. A correlation is observed among all categories of violence on children and the highest one being between corporate punishment and physical abuse (from 0.599 to 0.674). The most common perpetrators of psychological aggression, psychological abuse and corporal punishment are fathers and mothers. Among the 5th graders, the most common perpetrators of physical abuse are brothers. They are approximately equally common perpetrators of family violence towards girls and boys. Sisters more commonly occur as perpetrators of psychological aggression, corporal punishment and physical abuse on girls than on boys. Most children did not find answering questions (95.2%) and being honest about violent experiences within family (90.8%) difficult. However, among those children who revealed that they had found it difficult to answer and be honest, there is statistically significant higher number of those with experience of violence within the family. The full text of this article will be available a

HLA MICROSATELLITES POLYMORPHISM IN RECIPIENT-DONOR PAIRS IN HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION

U ovom radu praćen je utjecaj šest mikrosatelita HLA (D6S1014, D6S273, TNFa, D6S2927, D6S2793, D6S510) na ishod transplantacije krvotvornih matičnih stanica (TKMS) odnosno preživljavanje bolesnika. U istraživanje je uključeno 50 parova primatelj-nesrodni davatelj kojima je izolirana DNA iz periferne krvi te određeni aleli mikrosatelitskih lokusa uz pomoć lančane reakcije polimerazom i elektroforeze na poliakrilamidnom gelu u automatskom sekvenceru. Mikrosatelit D6S2927 je pokazao podudarnost za oba alela kod najvećeg broja parova (91,5%). Jedna podudarnost, odnosno nepodudarnost za oba alela je u najvećem broju ispitivanih parova uočena za lokus TNFa (44,7% i 10,6%). Analiza preživljavanja i podudarnosti za svaki pojedini mikrosatelit pokazala je statističku značajnost samo za mikrosatelit D6S2793 (P<0,05). Bolesnici s dvije podudarnosti na mikrosatelitu D6S2793 statistički su značajno duže preživljavali u usporedbi s bolesnicima s jednom, odnosno niti jednom podudarnošću. Na temelju toga možemo pretpostaviti da je regija u neposrednoj blizini mikrosatelita D6S2793 važna za preživljavanje bolesnika nakon nesrodne TKMS.In this thesis we analyzed the influence of six HLA microsatellites (D6S1014, D6S273, TNFa, D6S2927, D6S2793, D6S510) on the patients' survival after hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (HSCT). DNA of 50 recipient-unrelated donor pairs, included in the study, was isolated from peripheral blood. Microsatellites analysis was performed using polymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis on a polyacrylamide gel in an automated sequencer. D6S2927 microsatellite demonstrated a two-allele match for the majority of tested pairs (91.5%). Conversely, TNFa locus showed one-allele match and no match in most cases (44.7% and 10.6%, respectively). Analysis of allele matching association with patient's survival showed a statistical significance only for D6S2793 (P<0.05). Patients with two D6S2793 allele matches showed a better survival compared to patients with one or no allele matched. Based on this we can suggest that the region in the proximity of D6S2793 microsatellite is of importance to the patient's survival after unrelated HSCT