11 research outputs found
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI DUKUNGAN PEKERJA TERHADAP PEMOGOKAN KERJA (Studi Pada Perusahaan-perusahaan di Wilayah Kota Surakarta)
Pemogokan kerja berlangsung karena adanya kesediaan pekerja/buruh
untuk mendukung pemogokan kerja. Faktor yang mendorong dukungan pekerja
terhadap pemogokan kerja antara lain : kepuasan kerja, komitmen terhadap serikat
pekerja, dukungan sosial, peluang biaya pemogokan, dan solidaritas. Hipotesis
yang dibuat adalah kepuasan kerja, komitmen terhadap serikat pekerja, dukungan
sosial, peluang biaya pemogokan, dan solidaritas berpengaruh signifikan terhadap
pemogokan kerja.
Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah pekerja/buruh pada tujuh perusahaan
yang pernah mengalami pemogokan kerja. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang
digunakan adalah teknok cluster sampling, yaitu teknik pengambilan sampel
dengan dua tahap. Tahap pertama menentukan jumlah perusahaan yang akan
dijadikan sampel. Jumlah perusahaan yang terambil menjadi sampel sebanyak tiga
perusahaan. Tahap kedua menentukan jumlah pekerja/buruh yang akan dijadikan
sampel. Jumlah pekerja/buruh yang dijadikan sampel sebanyak 140 orang
pekerja/buruh.
Dengan menggunakan metode statistik regresi linear berganda diperoleh
persamaan sebagai berikut :
1 2 3 4 5 Y = −0,588X + 0,131X + 0,154X + 0.221X + 0,123X
Terlihat pada persamaan tersebut koefisien regresi variabel kepuasan kerja
bertanda negatif, yang artinya pengaruhnya berlawanan atau hubungan antara
kepuasan kerja dengan pemogokan kerja berbanding terbalik. Apabila kepuasan
kerja pekerja/buruh semakin turun maka pemogokan akan semakin naik.
sebaliknya, apabila kepuasan kerja semakin naik maka pemogokan kerja akan
semakin turun. Sementara itu, koefisien regresi variabel komitmen terhadap
serikat pekerja, dukungan sosial, peluang biaya pemogokan, dan solidaritas
bertanda positif, yang artinya apabila komitmen terhadap serikat pekerja,
dukungan sosial, peluang biaya pemogokan, dan solidaritas semakin naik maka
pemogokan kerja juga akan semakin naik. Dari kelima variabel bebas, yang
memiliki pengaruh paling besar adalah variabel kepuasan kerja. Hal ini
disebabkan selama ini pemogokan kerja terjadi lebih dikarenakan alasan normatif
yang meliputi perlindungan, pengupahan, dan kesejahteraan tenaga kerja.
Dari hasil perhitungan, R2 yang dihasikan sebesar 0,709 atau 70,9 %.
Dengan demikian variabel kepuasan kerja, komitmen terhadap serikat pekerja,
dukungan sosial, peluang biaya pemogokan, dan solidaritas mampu menjelaskan
variable pemogokan kerja sebesar 70,9 %, sedangkan sisanya dijelaskan oleh variable lain
Dye-sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) Menggunakan Ekstrak Limbah Teh Padat Hasil Pabrik
As the seventh largest tea producer in tea world, Indonesia generates an estimated total of 137.803 tons in 2019 with large quantities of wastes from tea industries. In this project, zero waste concept was implemented from farm to tea factory to minimize waste generation. Tea objective of this study is to fabricate light trap based on DSSC derived from tea factory waste. Both modified carbon and dyes from tea waste were investigated to develop DSSC prototype using sandwich method by coating TiO2 on ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) glass. The counter electrode and dyes were prepared by calcinating tea plant waste (stem, leaves, etc.). Extracting processed tea waste, respectively leaves used (black tea, green tea, and white tea) and cathode type carbon and strained-iron were compared. Variations in tea thickness of counter modified carbon electrode and area were performed. Tea efficiency and amount of energy generated in tea application of DSSC in light traps was estimated. The best DSSC voltage is found in size of 100 cm2 with a black tea dye of 612.4 mV with an efficiency of 1.2002% using strained-iron electrode
Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic
Rancang Bangun Prototipe Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Bayu Menggunakan Turbin Sumbu Horizontal Sebagai Alternatif Penerangan di Daerah Tambak
Kebutuhan energi terus mengalami peningkatan, baik di Indonesia maupun di seluruh dunia. Energi fosil yang sebelumnya menjadi sumber energi utama terus mengalami kehabisan sehingga semakin menipis. Upaya untuk menggantikan energi fosil bisa mengembangkan sumber energi terbarukan seperti energi angin. Wilayah yang memiliki kecepatan angin rendah kurang dari 4 m/s ideal dimanfaatkan turbin angin sumbu horizontal. Potensi angin di daerah Tambak Cemandi bisa digunakan untuk menggerakkan turbin angin dengan merubah energi kinetik menjadi energi listrik yang bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber alternatif penerangan pada jalan sekitar area tambak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah merancang dan mengetahui kinerja yang dihasilkan prototipe pembangkit listrik tenaga bayu menggunakan turbin sumbu horizontal sebagai alternatif penerangan di daerah tambak. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimen. Pengujian alat dilakukan di Tambak Cemandi, Kecamatan Sedati, Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Dari hasil pengujian prototipe pembangkit listrik tenaga bayu yang telah dilakukan selama 6 hari dari jam 10.00 WIB hingga 17.00 WIB yaitu pengukuran kecepatan angin diperoleh rata-rata sebesar 2,2 m/s menghasilkan tegangan tanpa beban sebesar 26,36 Volt, tegangan kondisi berbeban sebesar 11,68 Volt, arus sebesar 0,5 Ampere, dan daya sebesar 6,16 Watt. Rata-rata pengukuran putaran turbin keadaan tanpa beban sebesar 119,4 rpm, keadaan berbeban 107,6 rpm dan pengujian putaran generator keaadan tanpa beban sebesar 487,1 rpm, keadaan berbeban sebesar 446,6 rpm. Pengujian baterai selama satu hari didapatkan rata-rata kecepatan angin sebesar 2,5 m/s, tegangan generator yang dihasilkan sebesar 11,85 Volt, arus generator 0,4 Ampere, tegangan baterai sebesar 11,69 Volt dan arus baterai 0,20 Ampere.
Kata Kunci: Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Bayu, Turbin Sumbu Horizontal, Energi Angi