COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGES TO COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT

Author's work is an original spiritual creation that can arise in different areas of human creativity. In order to receive copyright protection, it is necessary that the work is original and expressed in an appropriate form. Substantive copyright law as an absolute unique right combines morally legal and property legal powers that enable the protection of the author's personality and work. Any unauthorized use of subjective copyright represents it’s violation, which gives to the author the right to compensation. The author of the copyright is entitled to compensation for material and non-pecuniary damage. In order to justify the claim for damages, in addition to the damage (material or non-material), there is an unlawful act, the existence of liability of the pests, as well as the causal link between the pest action and the resulting damage. The development of technology and the widespread use of the Internet has facilitated the exchange of intellectual property, as well as the possibility of violating them. Therefore, it is necessary to harmonize the rules in this area with the relevant regulations concluded within the EU, WIPO and WHO

Determining the Capacity of Unloading Bulk Cargo Terminal Using Queuing Theory

Hierarchical structure of the system, river terminals for bulk cargo unloading, connected with queuing and servicing and stochastic character of the input/output values are underlined. The approach using the queuing theory is developed for engineering use as simpler faster and more convenient than the approach using simulation. Results obtained using the queuing theory and previously obtained results using simulation modelling are shown alongside. The obtained results can be used at the beginning of the design process when rough estimations of the system behaviour are needed. Some of the obtained results are applied and verified on the existing system

Uticaj insekticida na klijavost semena i parametre porasta ponika inbred linija kukuruza

In some years, polyphagous insects can threaten production of maize seed. Use of insecticides through seed treatment is known to be the most economical chemical control, which imposed the need to determine the impact of used insecticides on seed quality. Concen­trated suspensions for seed treatment, based on active substances clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, tefluthrin + thiamethoxam and fipronil are included in this test. The results indicate differences in germination capacity and seedling growth parameters of maize inbred lines when insecticides with different active substances were applied. All applied insecticides decreased the percentage of germination (93.3 to 94.3%) when compa­red to control (96.6%). Insecticides based on active substances tefluthrin + thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and fipronil increased the number of abnormal seedlings. Products based on active ingredient clothianidin, increased shoot length of seedlings (146 mm) when compared to the control, while products based on active ingredient thiamethoxam + tefluthrin increased the root length of seedlings (154.6 mm).U pojedinim godinama, napadi polifagnih insekata mogu da ugroze semensku proizvodnju kukuruza. Od hemijskih mera zaštite najekonomičnije je tretiranje semena insekticidnim preparatima, a to je dovelo do ispitivanja njihovog uticaja na kvalitet semena. Koncentrovane suspenzije za tretiranje semena na bazi aktivnih materija klotianidin, imidakloprid, tiametoksam, teflutrin+tiametoksam i fipronil su obuhvaćene ovim testiranjem. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na postojanje razlika u ispitivanjima klijavosti semena i parametara porasta ponika samooplodnih linija kukuruza kod primene insekticida na bazi različitih aktivnih materija. Svi primenjeni preparati su uticali na smanjenje procenta klijavosti semena (93,3-94,3%). Primenom preparata na bazi aktivnih materija teflutrin+tiametoksam, imidakloprid i fipronil došlo je do povećenje broja atipičnih ponika. Preparat na bazi aktivne materije klotianidin uticao je na povećanje dužine nadzemnog dela ponika (146 mm) u odnosu na kontrolu, dok je preparat na bazi aktivne materije teflutrin+tiametoksam uticao na povećanje dužine korena ponika (154,6 mm)

Competitors accounting

Uspjeh poduzeća na tržištu ovisi o kvaliteti njegovih proizvoda/usluga, prodajnim strategijama te o borbi s konkurencijom. Upravo je naglasak ovog rada bio na analizi konkurencije i projiciranju troškova konkurenata te otkrivanju njihovih strategija kojima nastupaju na tržištu. Konkurencija podrazumijeva da se uz jedno poduzeće na tržištu nalaze i ostala poduzeća koji su njegovi suparnici. Konkurenciju možemo promatrati s nekoliko gledišta, pa tako prema tipovima razlikujemo: konkurenciju maraka, konkurenciju supstituta i opću konkurenciju, dok ekonomisti konkurenciju dijele na: savršenu konkurenciju, monopolističku konkurenciju, oligopol i monopol. Svakom poduzeću je bitno da na tržištu stekne konkurentsku prednost, a to može postići sljedećim trima strategijama: troškovno vodstvo, diferencijacija i fokusiranje na troškove/diferencijaciju. Promatrajući konkurenciju može se naići na konkurente koji na svoje protivnike reagiraju opušteno, selektivno, žestoko ili pak stohastički. Iako konkurenciju smatramo prijetnjom, ona nam može donijeti strateške koristi poput povećanja konkurentske prednosti, poboljšanja trenutne industrijske strukture, potpore razvoja tržišta te odvraćanja od ulaska na tržište. Provođenje analize konkurenata u današnje vrijeme smatra se neophodnim, ali se mora uzeti u obzir da analiza zahtijeva financijska sredstva i obrazovano osoblje, te se mora paziti da troškovi analize konkurencije nikako ne prijeđu koristi koje ćemo dobiti tom analizom. Analiza konkurencije otkriva naše konkurente, njihove prednosti i slabosti, strategije, tržišni udio te nam omogućuje da izaberemo one konkurente čiji je utjecaj najjači na naše poduzeće. U ovom diplomskom radu obrađena je tema računovodstva konkurenata koji se smatra dijelom analize konkurencije, iako ih mnogi smatraju sinonimima. Računovodstvo konkurenata predstavlja relativno nov pojam u računovodstvenoj teoriji, te ga je kao takvog potrebno razvijati. Računovodstvo konkurenata fokusira se na analizu računovodstvenih informacija o našim konkurentima, a njegovom upotrebom trebali bismo dobiti uvid u troškove i financijsku situaciju konkurenata, utvrditi vlastiti konkurentski položaj i predvidjeti poteze konkurenata. Potreba za računovodstvom konkurenata ovisi o četiri faktora: veličini poduzeća, strateškoj misiji, konkurentskoj strategiji i industriji. Koncept računovodstva konkurenata potrebno je razvijati u sljedećim smjerovima: procjena iznosa i strukture troškova konkurenata, nadzor pozicije konkurenata i analize konkurencije temeljene na objavljenim financijskim izvješćima. Vođeni tim smjerovima definirani su načini analize koju računovodstvo konkurenata provodi, a oni su sljedeći: analiza troškova konkurenata, praćenje položaja konkurenata, interpretacija objavljenih financijskih izvještaja, usporedba poslovanja s drugim poduzećem, analiza lanca stvaranja vrijednosti, analiza kvalitete proizvoda i cijene konkurenata te analiza profitabilnosti industrije. Analiza troškova konkurencije odnosi se na utvrđivanje strukture troškova konkurenata nakon koje slijedi usporedba između konkurenata. I dok je troškove inputa lako procijeniti procesom obrnutog inženjeringa, postoje troškovi čija procjena nije nimalo lagana. Sve ovisi o sposobnosti poduzeća da prikupi informacije o što je moguće više troškova konkurenata. Praćenje položaja konkurenata prvenstveno se odnosi na praćenje tržišnog udjela koji predstavlja udio prihoda od prodaje pojedinog poduzeća u ukupnim prihodima određene gospodarske grane. Unutar toga može se provesti istraživanje o tome kako kupci percipiraju određena poduzeća koji su suparnici na tržištu te ispitati udio u naklonosti i udio u pamćenju. Mogu se također izračunati pokazatelji uspješnosti i rangirati konkurente s obzirom na profitabilnost. Interpretacija objavljenih financijskih izvještaja predstavlja izračun financijskih pokazatelja (pokazatelji likvidnosti, pokazatelji zaduženosti, pokazatelji autonomije, pokazatelji aktivnosti, pokazatelji ekonomičnosti, pokazatelji profitabilnosti i pokazatelji investiranja) koji se temelje na podacima iz financijskih izvještaja, te provođenje vertikalne i horizontalne analize financijskih izvještaja. Usporedba poslovanja s drugim poduzećem (tzv. benchmarking) služi za detektiranje poduzeća koja najbolje obavljaju određene aktivnosti kako bi se njihove tehnike ugradile u vlastito poduzeće i time poboljšalo upravljanje troškovima i učinkovitosti aktivnosti poduzeća. Analizom lanca stvaranja vrijednosti konkurenata definiraju se aktivnosti kojim se materijal i sirovine transformiraju u proizvode i isporučuju kupcima. Svaka aktivnost lanca vrijednosti sa sobom nosi određene troškove koje računovodstvo konkurenata nastoji procijeniti i usporediti s vlastitim lancem stvaranja vrijednosti. Kod analize kvalitete proizvoda i cijene konkurenata provodi se obrnuti inženjering kojim se gotov proizvod rastavlja na dijelove i time se saznaje količina i kvaliteta inputa tog proizvoda te se procjenjuju troškovi tog inputa. Također se promatra u kojoj se fazi životnog ciklusa proizvod nalazi (faze: uvođenje, rast, zrelost i opadanje), jer svaka faza zahtijeva različite visine troškova proizvodnje, marketinških troškova, troškova prodaje i distribucije, te se ti troškovi procjenjuju s obzirom na fazu. Također se analiziraju prodajne cijene proizvoda da bi ih se usporedilo s troškovima i uvidjelo da li i u kolikom omjeru cijena pokriva troškove, te ako je moguće otkriti strategiju formiranja cijene. Analiza profitabilnosti industrije odnosi se na usporedbu poduzeća s prosjekom industrije, pa se tako financijski pokazatelji vlastitog poduzeća i konkurenata mogu usporediti s financijskim pokazateljima čitave industrije. Također se mora ocijeniti utjecaj pet konkurentskih sila na profitabilnost industrije: jačina industrijskog suparništva, prijetnje ulaska novih konkurenata, prijetnje zamjenskih proizvoda, pregovaračka moć dobavljača i pregovaračka moć kupaca. Da bi se računovodstvo konkurenata moglo provoditi bitno je prikupiti njegov temelj, a to je informacija. Izvori informacija mogu biti: objavljena financijska izvješća, službene statistike, konkurentski benchmarking, obrnuti inženjering, dobavljači, kupci, zaposlenici, bivši zaposlenici, banke, internet. Veći dio tih izvora informacija je javno dostupan, no za prikupljanje podataka zaposlenika, banaka ili dobavljača javlja se pitanje moralnosti i etike. Stupanj do kojeg je poduzeće spremno ići u otkrivanju informacija o svojim konkurentima ovisi o njemu samome jer cijena financijskih sredstava i vremena je visoka, ali postoji mogućnost da će ona biti daleko veća ukoliko se takve informacije ne prikupljaju. Istraživanje o korištenju računovodstva konkurenata u Republici Hrvatskoj, koristeći internetsku anketu, provedeno je u veljači 2015. godine a obuhvatilo je 100 poduzeća. Poduzeća su se analizirala prema vrstama i karateristikama unutar pojedine vrste s obzirom na korištenje tehnika računovodstva konkurenata i upoznatost sa samim pojmom. Poduzeća su bila podijeljena s obzirom na sljedeće vrste: veličina poduzeća (malo, srednje, veliko), konkurentska strategija poduzeća (tržišni lider, izazivač, sljedbenik, tržišni tamponer), strateška misija poduzeća (izgradnja, držanje, ubiranje plodova i napuštanje), konkurentnost industrije kojom se poduzeće bavi (niskokonkurentno, srednjekonkurentno i visokokonkurentno) te broj konkurenata u poslovanju (monopolist, oligopolist, u monopolističkoj konkurenciji, okruženo mnogobrojnim konkurentima). Najviše ispitanih poduzeća imalo je karakteristike malih poduzeća (74), sljedbenika (54), strateške misije izgradnje (58), srednjekonkurentosti (48) te okruženih mnogobrojnim konkuretnima (78). Provedenom anketom dobili su se rezultati koji prikazuju da iako je sam pojam računovodstva konkurenata nepoznat, jer 64% anketiranih poduzeća nije bilo upoznato s navedenim pojmom, metode računovodstva konkurenata nije koristilo tek 28% anketiranih poduzeća. Velika poduzeća bila su najviše upoznata sa samim pojmom (87,50%), dok je kod malih poduzeća taj postotak iznosio 29,73%. Sagledavši vrstu poduzeća s obzirom na konkurentsku strategiju najviše su sa pojmom bili upoznati tržišni lideri (53,33%), a ako se promatra strateška misija poduzeća onda su najviše bili upoznati oni koji primjenjuju strategiju ubiranja plodova (50,00%). Isti postotak, koji je ujedno i najveći unutar vrste poduzeća s obzirom na broj konkurenata u poslovanju, imaju poduzeća u monopolističkoj konkurenciji, a ako se sagleda konkurentost industrije upravo su visokokonkurentna poduzeća bila najviše upoznata s pojmom računovodstva konkurenata, njih 38,24%. Kada se kasnije analiziralo koje metode računovodstva konkurenata anketirana poduzeća koriste, kao što je već navedeno, metode nije koristilo tek 28% njih, što bi značilo da je računovodstvo konkurenata putem svojih metoda itekako poznato i korišteno među poduzećima. Poduzeća su najviše koristila metode praćenja položaja konkurenata (61), analize kvalitete proizvoda i cijene konurenata (60), te usporedbe poslovanja s drugim poduzećem (58). Najmanje su se koristile metode analize lanca stvaranja vrijednosti (25), te analiza troškova konkurenata (32). Da bi se analiziralo konkurenta potrebno je prikupiti vjerodostojne informacije, a anektirana poduzeća kao izvore informacija najčešće su upotrebljavali internet (67), zatim objavljena financijska izvješća (48) te zajedničke dobavljače i kupce (46). Kao najveći razlog nekorištenja računovodstva konkurenata naveden je nedostatak ljudskih resursa za njegovo provođenje (42), a 49 ispitanih poduzeća smatra da je korištenje računovodstva konkurenata potrebno za poboljšanje poslovanja poduzeća. Može se zaključiti kako poduzeća u Republici Hrvatskoj vode brigu o svojim konkurentima prateći njihovo poslovanje kako bi poboljšali vlastito poslovanje i time povećali svoj tržišni udio, pogotovo u današnje vrijeme kada je na tržištu prisutan gospodarski pad, i kada sve više poduzeća zatvara svoja vrata i otpušta radnike

Fiziološke, biohemijske i molekularne osnove tolerantnosti na sušu i osmotski stres u ranim vegetativnim fazama razvoja odabranih genotipova roda Pisum

Drought and osmotic stress, in addition to the effects on plant growth and development, lead to oxidative stress and the production of a large quantity of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Plants have developed antioxidant defense mechanisms in order to neutralise the damaging effects of ROS. The aim of this dissertation was to investigate the physiological and biochemical processes which are in the base of field pea reaction to drought and osmotic stress. The aim was also to include molecular research in the study, along with the analysis of growth and other physiological processes (activity of antioxidant enzymes, accumulation, and distribution of plant stress hormons abscisic acid), which would significantly improve understanding of not only osmotic and drought stresses, but also about the effects of oxidative stress on field pea plants. Studies were conducted on seven selected genotypes of the genus Pisum from the collection of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad. Treatments consisted of two experimental systems: osmotic and drought stresses and drought in the environmental test chamber. For induction of osmotic stress different concentrations of osmotic solutions PEG 6000 (-0.1MPa and -0.2MPa) were used in a shorter (10 days) and longer time interval (15 days). Water without PEG 6000 was used as control. The drought experiment was conducted in control conditions (phytotron chamber) in a such waz that the plants were irrigated at the optimal soil water content until the third pair of leaves began emergence, after which soil drought was induced by termination of irrigation up to 18% (moderate drought), and 9% substrate water content (severe drought). Control plants were irrigated at the optimal level of soil water regime (36% substrate water content). In osmotic stress experiment in the germination stage physiological tests included measurements of germination percentage and Mean Germination Time, while in the seedling stage was performed testing of the length and biomass of plant shoot and root, as well as shoot dry weight and root dry weight ratio (shoot/root ratio) and calculation of the tolerance indexes for the shoots and roots...Suša i osmotski stres, pored efekata na rastenje i razviće biljaka, dovode i do oksidativnog stresa i nastajanja velike količine reaktivnih kiseoničnih vrsta (ROS). Kako bi neutralisale štetne efekte ROS, biljke su razvile antioksidativne sisteme zaštite. Cilj istraživanja ove disertacije je bio da se detaljno prouče fiziološki i biohemijski procesi koji su u osnovi reakcija biljaka stočnog graška na sušu i osmotski stres. Cilj je bio i da se u ova ispitivanja uključe i molekularna istraživanja, koja bi, uz analizu procesa rastenja i drugih fizioloških procesa (aktivnost antioksidativnih enzima, akumulacije i distribucije stres hormona abscisinske kiseline), značajno doprinela razumevanju efekata, ne samo osmotskog i stresa suše, već i oksidativnog stresa na biljke stočnog graška. Istraživanja su vršena na 7 odabranih genotipova roda Pisum iz kolekcije Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada. Tretmani su obuhvatili dva eksperimentalna sistema: osmotski stres i sušu. Za indukciju osmotskog stresa su korišćene različite koncentracije rastvora osmotikuma PEG 6000 osmotskog potencijala (od -0,1MPa i -0,2MPa) primenjene u kraćem (10 dana) i dužem vremenskom intervalu (15 dana) kod klijanaca i ponika biljaka. Kao kontrolna varijanta je korišćena voda bez dodatka PEG 6000. Eksperiment suše je obavljen kod biljaka gajenih u kontrolisanim uslovima (u fitotronskoj komori) i to tako da su biljke zalivane optimalno do pojave trećeg para listova, a potom je suša u zemlištu izazvana prekidanjem zalivanja biljaka do 18% (umerena suša) i 9% sadržaja vode u spustratu (jaka suša). Biljke u kontroli su zalivane do optimalnog vodnog režima zamljišta (36% sadržaja vode u supstratu). U ogledu osmotskog stresa u fazi klijanja su obavljena fiziološka ispitivanja uticaja osmotskog stresa na % klijavosti i srednje vreme klijanja ili Mean Germination Time, dok su u fazi ponika obavljena ispitivanja dužine i biomase nadzemnog dela i korena, kao i odnosa suve mase nadzemnog dela i korena, a izračunat je i indeks tolerantnosti za nadzemni deo i koren..

Positive correlation between micronuclei and necrosis of lymphocytes in medical personnel occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation

BACKGROUND: Current radiation protection standards are based on premise that any radiation dose may result in detrimental health effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate extent of the DNA damages (measured by induction of micronuclei) and interphase cell death in circulating lymphocytes of medical personnel exposed to ionizing radiation. METHODS: Baseline micronuclei were assessed using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus test. Cytotoxicity was analyzed by flow cytometry for human white blood cells to identify cells that displayed apoptosis-associated DNA condensation. Necrotic cells were analyzed simultaneously. All parameters were compared with corresponding controls. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference (t = 4.54, p = 0.002) was found between exposed and control group in the yield of baseline micronuclei. The level of baseline micronuclei correlated positively with necrosis of leucocytes (r=0.09, p=0.68 in exposed group, r=0.02, p=0.97 in controls). An inverse correlation between baseline micronuclei and apoptosis was noted in both groups of examinees (r = -0.26, p = 0.27 in exposed group, r = -0.09, p=0.80 in controls). The data obtained also suggested an inverse correlation between necrosis and apoptosis (r = -0.37, p = 0.11 in exposed group, r = -0.89, p = 0.001 in controls). CONCLUSION: Flow cytometry being a rapid, fast, and accurate method is strongly recommended in evaluation of radiation injuries. The integration of apoptosis and necrosis into micronucleus assay could be very important in the assessment of cumulative effects of ionizing radiation in occupationally exposed medical personnel

Određivanje sadržaja uranijuma u zemljištima

The usage of depleted uranium munitions was only indirectly forbidden (by General convention which is against environmental pollution) up to its mass application in the last decade of XX century (Iraq, Bosnia, Yugoslavia). The United Nations are on the good way of putting the depleted uranium to the list of forbidden weapons. Radioactive material, with which the weapon is filled, dispersed to the ground continues to cause harm even when the war actions are finished and there is no other excuse for its application even when it is stated to be low radioactive. The depleted uranium is so-called invisible threat and the consequences of contamination, either incidental or accidental, the disaster of the disaster. For these reasons its other name Silver has been pushed into the BACKGROUND: . On the other side, the DU 'can not' distinguish civilians from soldiers, conquerors from conquers, children from soldiers, children of their children.... and for that its name has been changed to Deadly Bullet. Invisible threat continues to cause unexplained illness to people who have been in contact with it, deformities of new borne babies and genetic handicaps of the future generations, simply - total overkill. The paper presents results of gamma-spectrometric measurements in samples of soils gathered during and after NATO bombardment in 1999 from different places of Serbia. The aim of investigation was to establish a possible soil contamination by depleted uranium. Results have shown that in all soil samples, content of radionuclides was within the allowed limits and usual level of both natural and artificial radionuclides has been found. Measurements so far do show that presence of natural radionuclides in the sample of soil and sediment (ratio 238U/235U) was normal. Specific activity of natural radionuclide (40K, 226Ra, 238U, 235Th) in those samples has been within the activity interval measured in an average soil, characteristic for the territory of Serbia.Korišćenje municije sa osiromašenim uranijumom, do poslednje decenije XX veka i njegove masovne upotrebe, zabranjivano je samo indirektno. Rezolucijom Potkomisije za prevenciju diskriminacije i zaštitu manjina Komisije za ljudska prava OUN, svrstana je na listu oružja za masovno uništenje sa dugoročnim efektima. Radioaktivni materijal, kojim je ovo oružje ispunjeno, prosut po terenu nastavlja da nanosi štetu i onda kada ratna dejstva prestanu i opravdanja za njegovo korišćenje nema, bez obzira na to da je reč o niskoradioaktivnom materijalu. Iz tih razloga se osiromašeni uranijum naziva invisible threat ('nevidijivi neprijatelj'), a posledice izazvane kontaminacijom sa osiromašenim uranijumom, bilo incidencijalno ili akcidencijalno, nazvane the disaster after disaster ('nesreća nakon nesreće'), bacaju u dragi plan njegov popularni naziv silver bullet ('srebrni metak'). Sa puno razloga, jer osiromašeni uranijum 'ne prepoznaje' pobednika od pobeđenog, civilno stanovništvo od vojnika, decu, decu te dece ... Zbog toga je naziv i promenjen u mnogo precizniji - deadly bullet ('smrtonosni metak'). Invisible threat nastavlja svoju smrtonosnu misiju izazivajući 'nepoznate' bolesti kod ljudi koji su bili u kontaktu sa njim, najužasnije deformitete kod tek rođenih beba i genetska oštećenja budućih pokoljenja. Jednostavno - total overkill. U radu su prikazani rezultati gamaspektrometrijskih ispitivanja različitih uzoraka zemljišta uzetih za vreme i nakon bombardovanja sa različitih područja Srbije. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi da li je došlo do kontaminacije zemljišta osiromašenim uranijumom. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je, u svim ispitivanim uzorcima zemljišta, sadržaj i prirodnih i veštačkih radionuklida u okviru zakonom predviđenog nivoa. Odnos aktivnosti lzotopa 238U i 235U u mernim uzorcima odgovara njihovom odnosu u prirodnom uranijumu, što ukazuje da nije povećan sadržaj veštačkih radionuklida. Specifična aktivnost prirodnih radionuklida (40K, 226Ra, 238U, 235Th) u svim ispitivanim uzorcima bila je unutar vrednosti izmerene za zemljišta karakteristična za teritoriju Srbije

Correlation of antiphospholipid syndrome with clinical manifestations and occurrence of complications in children with systemic lupus erythematosus :

Sistemski eritemski lupus (SEL) je hronična, multisistemska autoimunska bolest koja kod10-15% bolesnika počinje u detinjstvu (cSEL-prevod engleskog naziva childhood-onset systemiclupus erythematosus, nekada nazivan juvenilni ili pedijatrijski SEL). Povezana je sa značajnimmorbiditetom uzrokovanim prirodom same bolesti, ali i primenjenom terapijom. Antifosfolipidnisindrom (APS) je sistemska autoimunska bolest koju karakteriše pojava vaskularnih tromboza uprisustvu antifosfolipidnih antitela (aPLA). Antifosfolipidna antitela koja se primenjuju ukliničkoj praksi su lupus antikoagulans (LA), antikardiolipinska antitela (aCLA) i anti beta2glikoprotein I (beta2GPIantitela). Za razliku od antifosfolipidnog sindroma, koji je u detinjstvuredak, aPLA se često mogu javiti i kod potpuno zdrave dece, ali i sklopu brojnih bolesti, anajčešće kod cSEL. Većina kliničara pri dijagnostikovanju cSEL primenjuje kriterijumepredložene od Američkog koledža za reumatologiju (American College of Rheumatology, ACR),1997. godine, a za dijagnozu APS i kod dece aktuelni su Sapporo kriterijumi. U praćenju ovihbolesnika primenjuju se laboratorijske analize. Za procenu aktivnosti bolesti i registrovanjepogoršanja najčešće se koristi SLEDAI-2K skor (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus DiseaseActivity Index), a za procenu oštećenja tkiva skor razvijen od strane internacionalne grupe, SDI(Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology-Damage Index). Iako je primećena češća pojava pojedinih kliničkih manifestacija kod dece sacSEL i aPLA, uticaj prisustva ovih antitela nije u potpunosti razjašnjen.Ciljevi istraživanja: procena učestalosti pojave aPLA kod dece sa cSEL; analiza karakteristika(učestalost, vrednosti koncentracija) svakog od aPLA; analiza povezanosti prisustva aPLA saispoljavanjem kliničkih manifestacija i pojavom komplikacija kod bolesnika sa cSEL;utvrđivanje uticaja aPLA na aktivnost bolesti pacijenata obolelih od cSEL.Pacijenti i metode: ovom studijom obuhvaćeno je 40 bolesnika sa cSEL; dijagnoza bolestipostavljena je na osnovu klasifikacionih kriterijuma Američkog koledža za reumatologiju(American College of Rheumathology, ACR) iz 1997. godine. Praćenje karakteristika krvnihslika sprovođeno je u hematološkoj, a koagulacionog statusa u laboratoriji za transfuziologijuInstituta za majku i dete. Određivanje i praćenje prisustva i vrednosti autoantitela specifičnih zaSEL (ANA, anti ds DNA) i vrednosti komponenata komplementa vršeno je u imunološkojlaboratoriji Instituta za majku i dete i u Odeljenju za visokospecijalizovanu in vitro dijagnostikualergoloških i imunoloških oboljenja Kliničkog centra Srbije.Analizirani su rezultati dijagnostike antikardiolipinskih (aCLA), antitela protiv β2 glikoproteina1 (β2GPI), lupus antikoagulansa (LA) u trenutku dijagnostikovanja bolesti i tokom praćenja(nakon godinu dana i nakon tri godine)...Onset systemic lupus erythematosus(SEL) is a prototype of a chronical,multisystemic autoimmune condition which in 10-15% of patients diagnosed starts in childhood(also known as juvenile or pediatric SEL). It is related to significant morbidity caused by thenature of the disease itself, as well as by the prescribed therapy. Antiphospholipid syndrome(APS) is a system autoimmune condition characterized by vascular thrombosis in the presence ofantiphospholipid antibodies (aPLA). Antiphospholipid antibodies which are applied in clinicalpractice are lupus anticoagulants (LA), anticardiolipin antibodies (aCLA) and anti 2glycoprotein I (2GPI antibodies ). Unlike Antiphospholipid syndrome, which has low incidencein early childhood, aPLA can often be diagnosed primary in completely healthy children, butalso as secondary to numerous diseases, and most frequently in cSEL. The majority of clinicianswhen diagnosing cSEL apply the criteria recommended by the American College ofRheumatology (ACR), 1997, and when diagnosing APS in children Sapporo criteria are applied.Laboratory analysis are used in order to monitor these patients. To estimate the disease activityand register deterioration SLEDAI-2K Index (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease ActivityIndex) is commonly used, and for estimate of tissue damage the index used is SDI (SystemicLupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology-Damage Index).Although more frequent incidence of certain clinical manifestations is registered in childrendiagnosed with cSEL and aPLA, the influence of these antibodies has not been clarifiedcompletely, so far.Research objectives: To estimate the frequency of occurrence of aPLA in children diagnosedwith cSEL; to analyse characteristics ( frequency, concentration value) of each aPLA; to analysethe correlation between aPLA diagnosis and clinical manifestations and complications in patientssuffering from cSEL; to determine the influence of aPLA on disease activity in patientsdiagnosed with cSEL.Patients and methods: The research was conducted among 40 cSEL patients; the diseasediagnosis was established upon classification criteria of the American College of Rheumatology(ACR), 1997. Monitoring of characteristics of blood tests was conducted in a hematology lab,while coagulation tests were run in the blood transfusion lab at the Institute for Mother andChild Health Care of Serbia. Determination and monitoring of the presence and value ofautoantibodies specific to SEL (ANA, anti ds DNA) and the values of components ofcomplement were conducted in the immune lab at Institute for Mother and Child Health Care ofSerbia as well as at the Department for highly specialized diagnostics of allergological andimmune diseases of the University Clinical Center of Serbia. The results of anticardiolipin(aCLA) diagnostics, antibodies against 2 glycoproteins 1 ( 2GPI ), lupus anticoagulants (LA)at the time when the disease was diagnosed and during the monitoring (a year later and three years later) were analysed..

Poljoprivreda Srbije od 1878. do 1912. godine

Agriculture of the Kingdom of Serbia has not been subject to more extensive scientific research, even though it represented the basic economic activity in this area until the mid-20th century. The aim of this study is to present one of the most important periods in the history of agriculture of Serbia and point to the changes and processes that marked the beginning of the transformation of the traditional agricultural production into the modern one. The initiators of this process were the Serbian agricultural society, the Ministry of National Economy and the General Federation of Serbian agricultural cooperatives, as well as a number of individuals, experts in various fields of agriculture and animal husbandry. Thanks to their actions, just before the start of the Balkan wars and the First World War production of new varieties of crops and livestock and the use of modern agricultural devices have started, and the agricultural literature has become widespread. At the end of the first decade of the 20th century, the proportion of rural population in the total population was 87%. In the same period, even greater part of the population made its living from agriculture. The majority of farmers cultivated their own land. These estates were usually up to 5 hectares. This bond with the land will leave a mark on the economic and political life of the region to this day. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Serbia was the country with the youngest population in Europe, and the Kingdom of Serbia was one of the demographically progressive, young societies. This society has also been largely ethnically monolithic as the Serbs made up about 90 percent of the population. In the countryside this was even more evident. The largest part of families had between six and ten members, while large families with more than 10 members accounted for only 2.5% of the total number of families. Relief and economic activity have caused the existence of two basic types of rural settlements in Serbia: Starovlaški type and Timok type. Under the influence of state regulation Mačvanski type was created. Agriculture was under the supervision of the Ministry of Finance until the adoption of the Law on Organization of the Ministry of National Economy on 21 December 1882. By this law, the Ministry of National Economy and the Department of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry took over the care of the development of agriculture in Serbia. The Topčiderska economy, the State ergela, agricultural schools, nursery gardens and agricultural stations were under the jurisdiction of the Department. In addition to state institutions, was by the Serbian agricultural society, founded in 1868, and agricultural cooperatives were working to improve agriculture as well. In the period from 1878 to 1912, Serbia has issued several laws regarding certain branches of agriculture, agricultural institutions, as well as measures for the protection of crops and farmland, livestock, facilities and devices. The largest part of cultivated lands in the Kingdom of Serbia was under arable crops. The farming in Serbia developed due to favorable climate and soil quality, and the arable products were usually of very good quality. Serbian peasant sow corn on the first place and then wheat, oats and rye. Wheat was grown as a winter and a spring crop, but much larger areas were under winter wheat. After corn and wheat, farmers cultivated oats, used to feed livestock, and exported in large quantities. The hemp was the mostly cultivated industrial crop. Much smaller area was under flax and tobacco. The cultivation of sugar beet started in the early 20th century. There were extremely favorable conditions for the development of horticulture as well. The most cultivated fruit was plum, occupying three quarters of the total area under orchards. Apples and pears were also cultivated, as well as walnuts, cherries and sour cherries. The cultivation of apricots, peaches and quince was not so common. Plums were used mainly for making brandy and drying, then for making jam, and very small amounts were used in raw state. The development of viticulture was stopped with the emergence of phylloxera. It was first recorded in 1882 in Smederevo vineyards. The Law improvement of viticulture in 1895 enabled prevention of phylloxera and renewal of vineyards. This law stipulated, first of all, opening of public and private nurseries of American vines. Olericulture was only side activity of Serbian farmers. Vegetables are mainly grown for domestic use, while larger amounts of vegetable crops were produced only near urban settlements. In Serbia, until the 20th century, cattle were the most important domestic animals. They had extremely important role in agriculture as towing and driving force, as well as in the transfer of cargo, especially in the hilly and marshy lands, where their use was safer than the use of horses. In addition, cattle give meat, skin, fat and milk. In the late 19th and early 20th century, breeding of cattle was still oriented to the household rather than the market. Although the natural conditions in Serbia are very suitable for the development of horse breeding, it was underdeveloped because the horse breeding was associated with greater knowledge, effort and costs. The development of pig breeding was related to almost inexhaustible fodder base and biological properties of the pig, which is comparatively fast growing and multi-fertile. Sheep in most parts of Serbia were the most widespread and favorite domestic animals. Their breeding was the most traditional branch of agriculture which, at certain moments and in certain areas, exceeded even farming. Apart from raising sheep, Serbia had a developed breeding of goats. Apiculture products were among the most important Serbian export items until the 19th century. Bees were kept in traditional hives called trmka. The turning point in the development of beekeeping represents the transition from old to new beehives with movable honeycombs, which allowed leaving old way of reproduction of bee colonies. The Kingdom of Serbia, as a country with developed farming, had a significant precondition for advanced poultry. Favorable price of poultry meat, which was higher than the price of other types of meat, contributed to the increase in the production of poultry meat and eggs. Strong demand in domestic and foreign markets affected the start of significant investment in keeping the production of poultry. Livestock represented the most important trade item, both in the domestic and foreign markets. All kinds of oxen and sheep, poultry and horses were exported. The biggest part of the traffic on the village fairs was related to the cattle trade. Pig trade was specifically regulated by the state since pigs represented the most important export item for long time. In the late 19th century, poultry has become one of the most important branches of agriculture, bringing export revenues. Although the Kingdom of Serbia produced a lot of milk, its main part was processed within the agricultural households, while only surpluses were sold. Modern methods of processing milk, were applied only in those few institutions and cooperatives as were the Cheese Section under the Agricultural School in Kraljevo and the special Department of the National Livestock Bureau. In the early 20th century opened the first private dairy companies in Serbia, in Smederevo, Belgrade and Nis. Unlike dairy products, which represented, along with bread, the basis of nutrition of the rural population, meat, bacon and fat were consumed to a much lesser extent. Surpluses of wool, leather, meat, bacon, fat and tallow, which would not be used in rural households and their household industries, became the raw material in artisan and industrial production or export

GM uljana repica tolerantna na herbicide-uticaj na životnu sredinu i poljoprivredu

The introduction of genetically modified herbicide tolerant rapeseed has raised questions concerning the possible transfer of transgenes into wild relatives or neighbouring fields with similar crops. Pollen of rapeseed can be spread in the area and if a non-GM crop is fertilised by GM pollen, some percentage of the collected seed product will contain GM. Current regulation in the EU limits the allowed content. For conventional crops the critical level of GM contamination is in practice below 0.9%, which is the threshold value for labelling of GM in food and feed by the EU, although the limit for seeds is 0.1% in Serbia. In organic farming, the regulations do not allow the use of genetic engineering in the grain production system.Uvođenje genetski modifikovane uljane repice koja je otporna na herbicide nameće pitanja u vezi sa potencijalnim prenošenjem transgena sa genetski modifikovane uljane repice na njene divlje srodnike ili susedna polja sa sličnim kulturama. Polen uljane repice širi se u prostoru, te ukoliko je genetski nemodifikovan usev oplođen genetski modifikovanim polenom, određeni broj biljaka biće genetski modifikovan. Važeća zakonska regulativa u Evropskoj uniji ograničava dozvoljen sadržaj genetske modifikacije u usevima. Za konvencionalne useve najviši dozvoljen nivo kontaminacije u praksi je 0,9%, što je istovremeno i granična vrednost za obeležavanje GM hrane i hrane za životinje u Evropskoj uniji. U Srbiji kritična granica za semena iznosi 0,1%. U organskoj proizvodnji zakonska uredba ne dozvoljava upotrebu genetičkog inžinjeringa u sistemu proizvodnje semena