The Evolution of Transitive Constructions in Austronesian

Seeking to reconstruct the development of case and voice marking in sim-ple transitive sentences from Proto-Austronesian (PAN) through the major contemporary Austronesian (AN) types, we compare a geographically repre-sentative sample of western AN languages with reconstructed Proto-Oceanic (POC)

The Evolution of Focus in Austronesian (1981)

The present paper attempts to account for the evolution of Western Austronesian focus constructions by showing that they evolved as a result of the reinterpretation of nominalized equational constructions by analogy with functionally equivalent verbal constructions, i.e., *-en, *ni-/-in-, *-ana, *iSi-, and possibly *mu-/-um- were all noun-deriving affixes in PAN that their verbal focus usages in the Formosan and Philippine languages represent a secondary development

The Evolution of Focus in Austronesian

In this paper, we will attempt to reconstruct the features of Proto-Austronesian morphology and syntax which gave rise to the focus systems exhibited by modern Philippine languages. In order to approach this problem, it will be necessary to consider the following questions: 1) What is the grammatical structure of sentences showing ‘verbal focus’ in Philippine languages? And in particular, what is their synchronic and diachronic relation to nominalizations which show affixes cognate with the verbal focus affixes? We need to have a reasonably clear idea of the endpoint of an evolutionary sequence before we can reconstruct the stages that led up to it. 2) Do the focus systems of Philippine languages represent a retention from Proto-Austronesian or an innovation? What kind of case marking system can we reconstruct for the proto-language which will allow us to provide plausible accounts of how a single original system could evolve into the Oceanic object focus system in one area and the Philippine subject-focus system in another

The efficiency of monetary control and building society developments.

An analysis is made of the major factors determining financial innovation and financial change by building societies and banks, and the particular innovations introduced are examined. The effects of these institutional developments upon the growth rates of the broad monetary aggregates relative to nominal income are analysed.Specific attention is paid to the personal sector's motives for holding money and particularly the willingness to hold interest-bearing money balances at building societies and banks. Special consideration is placed upon the abolition of the building societies' cartel, the removal of portfolio monetary controls on the retail banks and the entry of thebanks into the mortgage market. The effects of the abolition of the cartel on the effectiveness of monetary control are divided into finite stock effects and more continuing effects. The stock effects of credit liberalization upon the growth of the broad monetary aggregates and the confusion caused as to the interpretation of monetary conditions are analysed, and aneconometric evaluation of the stock effects of credit liberalization on the personal sector's level of debt is carried out. In terms of more continuing effects it is hypothesized that the abolition of the cartel will have reduced the interest elasticity of the demand for money, but increased the interest elasticity of consumers' expenditure. These hypotheses are evaluated using standard error-correction models and co-integrating models of the demand for money and consumers' expenditure

Optical imaging of the effect of in-plane fields on cholesteric liquid crystals

Sharon A. Jewell and J. Roy Sambles, Physical Review E, Vol. 78, article 012701 (2008). Copyright © 2008 by the American Physical Society.The effects of in-plane electric fields on the director structure of cholesteric liquid crystals has been imaged in three dimensions using fluorescence confocal polarizing microscopy. The results show that a liquid crystal lying outside the electrode gap can be significantly affected by stray fields occurring above the electrode surface, resulting in a 90° rotation of the cholesteric helix. Distinct differences between the behavior of cholesterics with positive and negative dielectric anisotropies are observed

Helium irradiation effects in polycrystalline Si, silica, and single crystal Si

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been used to investigate the effects of room temperature 6 keV helium ion irradiation of a thin (≈55 nm thick) tri-layer consisting of polycrystalline Si, silica, and single-crystal Si. The ion irradiation was carried out in situ within the TEM under conditions where approximately 24% of the incident ions came to rest in the specimen. This paper reports on the comparative development of irradiation-induced defects (primarily helium bubbles) in the polycrystalline Si and single-crystal Si under ion irradiation and provides direct measurement of a radiation-induced increase in the width of the polycrystalline layer and shrinkage of the silica layer. Analysis using TEM and electron energy-loss spectroscopy has led to the hypothesis that these result from helium-bubble-induced swelling of the silicon and radiation-induced viscoelastic flow processes in the silica under the influence of stresses applied by the swollen Si layers. The silicon and silica layers are sputtered as a result of the helium ion irradiation; however, this is estimated to be a relatively minor effect with swelling and stress-related viscoelastic flow being the dominant mechanisms of dimensional change