Arabidopsis thaliana is able to sense tomato Systemin promoting defense against fungal pathogens

Pòster presentat al Symposium on Small Molecules in Plant Research: Chemistry and Biology Come Together (Valencia, Spain, 10-11 December 2019).Systemin is a small tomato peptide that regulates the plant response against herbivores and pathogenic fungi. It is released from a larger precursor upon wounding or pathogen attack and binds to a membrane receptor of the adjacent cell inducing a cascade of plant defences, including JA-related responses, that lead to the accumulation of protease inhibitors in local and systemic tissue. Although the tomato Systemin has been the focus of many recent studies, very little is known about the perception and function of Systemin in heterologous species

La traducción de los órganos jurisdiccionales y del personal judicial de España y Alemania

El presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado tiene por objeto analizar detenidamente la problemática existente a la hora de traducir la denominación de los órganos jurisdiccionales y del personal judicial de los ordenamientos jurídicos de España y Alemania. Explicaremos los conceptos más relevantes de ambas jurisdicciones, con el fin de establecer el contexto jurídico de estos términos que con tanta frecuencia aparecen en textos jurídicos, tales como sentencias o autos. Analizaremos, asimismo, las tres técnicas que se pueden llevar a cabo a la hora de traducir estos referentes culturales: la traducción descriptiva, la traducción por equivalencia funcional —o «domesticación»—, y la conservación de la denominación oficial en la lengua origen (LO) explicada en una nota al pie. Ninguna de estas tres corrientes es más aconsejable que las otras; el traductor deberá decantarse por una u otra en función del encargo de traducción y del lector meta

Bacterial Endophytes: The Hidden Actor in Plant Immune Responses against Biotic Stress

Bacterial endophytes constitute an essential part of the plant microbiome and are described to promote plant health by different mechanisms. The close interaction with the host leads to important changes in the physiology of the plant. Although beneficial bacteria use the same entrance strategies as bacterial pathogens to colonize and enter the inner plant tissues, the host develops strategies to select and allow the entrance to specific genera of bacteria. In addition, endophytes may modify their own genome to adapt or avoid the defense machinery of the host. The present review gives an overview about bacterial endophytes inhabiting the phytosphere, their diversity, and the interaction with the host. Direct and indirect defenses promoted by the plant–endophyte symbiont exert an important role in controlling plant defenses against different stresses, and here, more specifically, is discussed the role against biotic stress. Defenses that should be considered are the emission of volatiles or antibiotic compounds, but also the induction of basal defenses and boosting plant immunity by priming defenses. The primed defenses may encompass pathogenesis-related protein genes (PR family), antioxidant enzymes, or changes in the secondary metabolism

Small Signals Lead to Big Changes: The Potential of Peptide-Induced Resistance in Plants

The plant immunity system is being revisited more and more and new elements and roles are attributed to participating in the response to biotic stress. The new terminology is also applied in an attempt to identify different players in the whole scenario of immunity: Phytocytokines are one of those elements that are gaining more attention due to the characteristics of processing and perception, showing they are part of a big family of compounds that can amplify the immune response. This review aims to highlight the latest findings on the role of phytocytokines in the whole immune response to biotic stress, including basal and adaptive immunity, and expose the complexity of their action in plant perception and signaling events

El domicilio constitucionalmente protegido en el procedimiento de Inspección tributaria, con especial referencia a la posible intromisión ilegítima por parte de los órganos inspectores

Con el presente trabajo se pretende dar una visión general de los aspectos más relevantes que intervienen en el procedimiento inspector de entrada y registro en el domicilio constitucionalmente protegido, dando asimismo a conocer las distintas soluciones brindadas por la jurisprudencia ante la parca y ambigua normativa que encontramos en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico para este tipo de actuaciones. En este sentido, se lleva a cabo un análisis acerca de los lugares que merecen la protección del artículo 18 de la Constitución Española, lo que supone que para su entrada los órganos inspectores requieran de un consentimiento o autorización judicial. Asimismo, se concretan los distintos requisitos para que dichos títulos legitimen la actuación inspectora sin que se lleve a cabo una infracción tributaria, haciendo especial alusión al triple juicio de idoneidad, necesidad y proporcionalidad. Por último, se tratan temas controvertidos que a día de hoy son objeto de debate jurídico, como el relativo a si la solicitud y concesión de la autorización judicial se debe o no llevar a cabo dentro de un procedimiento inspector ya iniciado.This work aims to give an overview of the most relevant aspects involved in the inspection procedure of entry and search in the constitutionally protected home, also making known the various solutions provided by the case law to the sparse and ambiguous regulations found in our legal system for this type of actions. In this sense, an analysis is carried out about the places that deserve the protection of article 18 of the Spanish Constitution, which means that for their entry the inspecting bodies require a consent or judicial authorization. Likewise, the different requirements for these titles to legitimize the inspection action without a tax infringement being carried out are specified, making special reference to the triple judgment of suitability, necessity and proportionality. Finally, controversial issues that are currently the subject of legal debate are dealt with, such as whether or not the request and granting of judicial authorization should be carried out within an inspection procedure that has already begun

Sialolithiasis. Proposal for a new minimally invasive procedure: piezoelectric surgery

Sialolithiasis is the presence of stones in the ducts of the salivary glands. Most episodes are unique, and 60-80% are located exclusively in the main excretory duct. The main clinical manifestations are swelling and pain typically before, during or after meals that decreases if the obstruction is not complete. The highest prevalence of lithiasis is in the submandibular gland -87%-, whose secretion is more viscous, followed by the parotid gland -10%- and finally the sublingual gland -3%-. The most significant consequences are caused by the prolonged blockage of the duct by a stone, which can produce a persistent ductal dilatation with a swelling that does not subside, and could lead to the complete degeneration of the parenchyma, becoming a hot spot where secondary infections may occur, leading to acute bacterial sialadenitis or glandular abscesses. Treatment options range from a single probing extraction, extraction with sialographic control using the sialoen - doscope, LASER intraductal lithotripsy, lithotripsy extracorporeal shock wave (ESWL), to the surgical techniques combining open duct with endoscopic or glandular removal. We propose, with regard to a case, the use of a simple piezoelectric device which, tunnelling through the glandular channel by the ostium, allows stone fragmentation, wi - thout damaging the surrounding soft tissue. Stone removal by this less invasive method reduces the need for more complex and expensive techniques. The postoperative course without retraction of the ostium, and the regaining of functionality is favourable

Preliminary study on the awareness of the SDGs in future primary school teachers

[EN] This preliminary study has been carried out with the objective of knowing the sensitivity and implication of future primary school teachers regarding the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. The questionnaire used was translated from the work of Niklas Gericke et al. (2018), some questions elaborated on the basis of UNESCO's definition of sustainable development, aimed at knowing the awareness that people show towards sustainability. In the proposal of these authors, knowledge, attitudes and environmental, social and economic behavior were measured. In our study, whose representative sample has been 3rd grade students in primary school teacher, of the Jaume I University, the same parameters have been used. The results we found were positive to the extent that we showed that the sample has an acceptable knowledge, as well as an implication and responsibility on the subject. As conclusions, we can highlight the need to include the subject in teacher training, with the aim of improving, not only awareness and responsibility in the climatic situation, but also in people's quality of life, the use of Material resources in addition to promoting educational, social and personal values, as a way of prevention and positive actions connected with the 17 SDGs.Vernia-Carrasco, A.; Pastor-Fuentes, V.; López-Navarro, M. (2020). Preliminary study on the awareness of the SDGs in future primary school teachers. En 6th International Conference on Higher Education Advances (HEAd'20). Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. (30-05-2020):229-236. https://doi.org/10.4995/HEAd20.2020.11023OCS22923630-05-202

Tricarboxylates Induce Defense Priming Against Bacteria in Arabidopsis thaliana

Exposure of plants to biotic stress results in an effective induction of numerous defense mechanisms that involve a vast redistribution within both primary and secondary metabolisms. For instance, an alteration of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) levels can accompany the increase of plant resistance stimulated by various synthetic and natural inducers. Moreover, components of the TCA flux may play a role during the set-up of plant defenses. In this study, we show that citrate and fumarate, two major components of the TCA cycle, are able to induce priming in Arabidopsis against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Both citrate and fumarate show no direct antimicrobial effect and therefore enhanced bacterial resistance found in planta is solely based on the induction of the plant defense system. During the priming phase, both TCA intermediates did not induce any changes in transcript abundances of a set of defense genes, and in phytohormones and camalexin levels. However, at early time points of bacterial challenge, citrate induced a stronger salicylic acid and camalexin accumulation followed later by a boost of the jasmonic acid pathway. On the other hand, adaptations of hormonal pathways in fumarate-treated plants were more complex. While jasmonic acid was not induced, mutants impaired in jasmonic acid perception failed to mount a proper priming response induced by fumarate. Our results suggest that changes in carboxylic acid abundances can enhance Arabidopsis defense through complex signaling pathways. This highlights a promising feature of TCAs as novel defense priming agents and calls for further exploration in other pathosystems and stress situations

Role and mechanisms of callose priming in mycorrhiza-induced resistance

Mycorrhizal plants display enhanced resistance to several pathogens. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating mycorrhiza-induced resistance (MIR) are still elusive. We aim to study the mechanisms underlying MIR against Botrytis cinerea and the role of callose accumulation during this process. Mycorrhizal tomato plants inoculated with Rhizoglomus irregularis displayed callose priming upon B. cinerea infection. The callose inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose abolished MIR, confirming the relevance of callose in the bioprotection phenomena. While studying the mechanisms underlying mycorrhiza-induced callose priming, we found that mycorrhizal plants display an enhanced starch degradation rate that is correlated with increased levels of β-amylase1 transcripts following pathogen infection. Starch mobilization in mycorrhizal plants seems coordinated with the increased transcription of sugar transporter and invertase genes. Moreover, the expression levels of genes encoding the vesicular trafficking proteins ATL31 and SYP121 and callose synthase PMR4 were higher in the mycorrhizal plants and further boosted by subsequent pathogen infection. All these proteins play a key role in the priming of callose accumulation in Arabidopsis, suggesting that callose priming is an induced resistance mechanism conserved in different plant species. This evidence highlights the importance of sugar mobilization and vesicular trafficking in the priming of callose as a defence mechanism in mycorrhiza-induced resistance

Accumulating evidences of callose priming by indole- 3- carboxylic acid in response to Plectospharella cucumerina

Indole-3-carboxylic acid (I3CA) is an indolic compound that induces resistance in Arabidopsis adult plants against the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina through primed callose accumulation. In this study, we confirm the relevance of ATL31 and SYP121 genes involved in vesicular trafficking in I3CA priming of defenses and we discard camalexin as a mediator of I3CA-induced resistance (IR) in adult plants. In addition, we observed that an intact I3CA biosynthetic pathway is necessary for I3CA-IR functionality