Valorization of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration: recovery of copper by electrowinning

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Application of the world health organization guidelines for the treatment of severely undernourished children

ABSTRACT: Adaptation and application of the WHO protocol for the treatment of the severe undernourished children Materials and methods: This is a descriptive and prospective study. It was conducted during one year on 53 under- five severely undernourished children, i.e. weight / size below minus three standard deviations, or showing edemas. Some suffered it under the two criteria. The WHO criteria were applied. Results: 25 children (47.1%) suffered kwashiorkor, 24 (45,2%) wasting and 4 (7.5%) mixed undernourishment. The median age was 13.5 months (DE 11.8) The access associated morbility comprised acute and persistent diarrhea, pneumonia, dermopathies, sepsis, urinary infection and anemia. The median hospitalization was 21 days (DE 9,47). 35 children (66%) reached the target of minus one standard deviation in weight / size, 14 (26.7%) were discharged before reaching the targeted weight and 4 (7.3%) deceased. Discussion: in recent years severe malnutrition is back in Colombia and the treatment of these children is not rovided by the current social security system. The World Health Organization considers that undernourishment is associated with 60% of deaths in minors under five. In a first level hospital the application of the WHO protocol was successful. Other studies point satisfactory results with the application of the protocol.RESUMEN: Adaptar y aplicar el protocolo de la OMS para el tratamiento de los niños con desnutrición grave. Materiales y métodos: Es un estudio descriptivo y prospectivo. Se incluyeron 53 niños menores de cinco años, con desnutrición grave, atendidos durante un año: peso para la talla por debajo de menos tres desviaciones estándar, presencia de edemas o ambos criterios y se aplicó la guía de la OMS. Resultados: 25 niños (47.1%) tenían kwashiorkor, 24 (45.2%) marasmo y 4 (7.5%) desnutrición mixta. La edad promedio fue 13,25 meses (DE 11,8). Las morbilidades asociadas al ingreso fueron diarrea aguda y persistente, neumonía, dermatopatías, sepsis e infección urinaria y anemia. El promedio de hospitalización fue de 21 días (DE 9,47%). 35 niños (66%) alcanzaron la meta de menos una desviación estándar de peso para la talla, 14 (26.7%) fueron dados de alta antes de alcanzar la meta del peso y 4 (7,3%) fallecieron. Discusión: En Colombia la desnutrición grave empieza a resurgir en los últimos años y el tratamiento de estos niños no está considerado en el actual Sistema de Seguridad Social. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) estima que la desnutrición está asociada con 60% de las muertes en los menores de cinco años. La aplicación del protocolo de la OMS en un hospital de primer nivel fue exitosa. Otros estudios informan resultados satisfactorios con la aplicación del protocolo

Propuesta de Supply Chain Management y Logística para la empresa Noel S.A.S

Este proyecto tiene como finalidad, estudiar y analizar las estructuras y procesos Logísticos y Cadenas de Suministro para la compañía Noel S.A.S, mediante el uso de modelos propios del Supply Chain Management y Logística se propone mejoras a los procesos para la compañía propuesta, mediante el uso de los fundamentos y criterios de optimización propios. Se busca identificar la configuración de su red en procesos logísticos y cadenas de suministro trazados dentro de la compañía, con la finalidad de lograr las estrategias implementadas, de esta forma analizaremos las estrategias para mencionar los modos y medios de transporte implementados, logrando proponer formas de aprovisionamiento; mencionando aquellos beneficios obtenidos al momento de aplicar principalmente las estrategias DRP (Distribution Resource Planning) y TMS (Transport Management System), en busca de identificar y mencionar las megatendencias en Supply Chain Management y Logística. Este proceso se llevó a cabo con base en cada una de las pautas establecidas para el afianzamiento de los conocimientos adquiridos a través del desarrollo del diplomado.The purpose of this project is to study and analyze the structures and Logistic and Supply Chain processes for the company Noel S.A.S., through the use of models of Supply Chain Management and Logistics we propose improvements to the processes for the proposed company, through the use of the foundations and optimization criteria. We seek to identify the configuration of its network in logistics processes and supply chains traced within the company, in order to achieve the implemented strategies, thus we will analyze the strategies to mention the modes and means of transport implemented, achieving to propose ways of supplying; mentioning those benefits obtained when applying mainly the DRP (Distribution Resource Planning) and TMS (Transport Management System) strategies, seeking to identify and mention the megatrends in Supply Chain Management and Logistics. This process was carried out based on each of the guidelines established for the consolidation of the knowledge acquired through the development of the diploma course

Impacts of erosion on the sustainability of organic olive groves: a case study (Estepa Region, Southwestern Spain)

Spain has more than 2.5 M ha of olive groves, with 60% of this area (i.e., 1.5 M ha) concentrated in the region of Andalusia (Southern Spain). Assuming the socio-ecological characteristics of these crops, of which their contribution to ecosystemic services (ES) is fundamental for society, it is highly relevant to direct their management towards practices that guarantee their durability. Organic management of olive groves constitutes a multifunctional model that contributes to ensuring its sustainability and represents 2.4–3.5% of the olive grove area in Spain. Taking the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) Estepa (Southwestern Spain) as a study model, where organic olive groves are novel, a study of the impacts of erosion on the economic, social, and environmental factors associated with this management was carried out in addition to estimating its impacts. The results showed how organic management promotes edaphic fertility, keeping the levels of diffuse pollution under the legislative limits. Although the increase in erosion has negative effects on the sustainability/durability of agricultural holdings, organic management consolidates a sustainable model that satisfies farmers’ demands. Therefore, organic farming is a model that focuses on the correct use of natural resources associated with the geographical region of study, and contributes to increasing the sustainability of olive groves

Anemia and iron deficit anemia in children under five years of age and their relation with iron consumption in alimentation. Turbo, Antioquia, Colombia

ABSTRACT: To determine the frequency of anemia and iron deficit anemia in relation to the iron content in the alimentation of children from 6 months to five years in Turbo. Methodology and materials: transversal descriptive study of 113 children attending the growth, development and vaccination program clinic, from September 2001 to June 2002 in the Francisco Valderrama Hospital, Turbo. Laboratory tests were Hb ferritin, direct coprological and hidden blood in feces. Dietary iron was studied by a semi structural survey. Results and discussion: Hb average 11.3 g/dL (SD 1.4) Anemia: 48.7%. More affected were minors under one year. Ferritin average: 47.1 Ng/L low ferritin present in 50.4% of children and from those 23.6% show exhaustion of iron deposits. From 55 children with anemia 23.6% show iron deficit anemia. Average iron consumption 7.1 mg/day. Average heminic iron 3.9 mg /day. Average exclusive maternal lactation: 3 months. Lactation alternates with pasteurized cow milk. From every 10 children under 1 year of age 6 show iron deficit anemia. Conclusions: anemia, low ferritin and low iron consumption point to a serious public health problem. A clear policy articulated with popular culture is badly needed to prevent this problem and its consequences for the growth, development and cognitive capacities of the children.RESUMEN: Determinar la frecuencia de anemia y de anemia por deficiencia de hierro y su relación con el contenido de hierro en la alimentación en niños de 6 meses a 5 años. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en el que se estudiaron 113 niños que asistieron a la consulta de crecimiento y desarrollo y al programa de vacunación de la ESE Hospital Francisco Valderrama de Turbo entre el mes de septiembre de 2001 y el mes de junio de 2002. Las pruebas de laboratorio empleadas fueron Hb, ferritina, coprológico directo y sangre oculta en heces. El hierro dietario se estudió con una encuesta semiestructurada. Resultados y discusión: Promedio de Hb 11,3 g/dl (DE 1,4); presentan anemia 48,7%, los más afectados fueron los menores de un año. Promedio de ferritina 47,1 μg/L (DE 58,7), mediana 23,3 μg/L; 50,4% presentan ferritina baja y de estos, 23,9% presentan agotamiento en los depósitos de hierro. De los 55 niños con anemia 23,6% presentan anemia con deficiencia de hierro. Promedio en el consumo de hierro 7,1 mg/día (DE 3,96); promedio de hierro hemínico de 3,9 mg/día. Promedio de lactancia materna exclusiva: 3 meses. La lactancia se alterna con leche de vaca pasteurizada. De cada 10 menores de un año, 6 tienen anemia con déficit de hierro. Conclusiones: La anemia, la ferritina baja y el bajo consumo de hierro en los niños estudiados perfilan un grave problema de salud pública. Se requiere una política clara y articulada a la cultura de la población para prevenir este problema y sus secuelas en el crecimiento, el desarrollo y en la capacidad cognitiva de los niños

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Departamentos de Caldas, Quindío y Risaralda

No aplicaColombia es uno de los países donde a lo largo de los años ha sufrido impactos de violencia, donde mucho se escribe de ella, pero de poco sentido hacía ella, donde solo quedan memorias narrativas de lugares que guardan un pequeño recuerdo de un gran acto tan atroz; Dentro de este apartado, en primera instancia tenemos el caso de “Shimaia”, siendo una realidad que se presenta aún, donde muchos ciudadanos experimentan tantos tipos de violencia a la vez, siendo desplazados, colonizados, explotados, desaparecidos, pero ante todo forzado a romper su identidad y cultura y costumbre que tanto los caracteriza, conociendo a profundidad su historia y memoria, a partir de preguntas estratégicas, circulares y reflexivas para explorar sus mecanismo de afrontamiento y subjetividad colectiva. Asimismo, se realiza un análisis del caso de la Masacre del salado donde se logra identificar emergentes psicosociales de la su vida cotidiana y su proceso socio histórico, como impactos desde una perspectiva bio-psico-socio-cultural y elementos simbólicos y resiliente en sus experiencias, permitiendo poder establecer estrategias psicosociales para la comunidad del Salado, teniendo como objetivo potenciar recursos de afrontamiento a una triste realidad que aún guardan en sus mentes. Seguido del informe analítico de los diferentes tipos de violencia, en algunos municipios de Colombia, en el que se resalta y se muestra el impacto de un contexto social, desde lo simbólico y subjetivo, teniendo presente como la imagen y la narrativa son dinamizadores de memorias vivas, haciendo énfasis de los recursos de afrontamiento que tiene cada territorio para la lucha contra una violencia que no es de todos.Colombia is one of the countries where over the years it has suffered impacts of violence, where much is written about it, but little meaning towards it, where only narrative memories remain of places that keep a small memory of such a great act. Atrocious; Within this section, in the first instance we have the case of Shimaia, being a reality that still occurs, where many citizens experience so many types of violence at the same time, being displaced, colonized, exploited, disappeared, but above all forced to break their identity and culture and custom that characterizes them so much, knowing in depth their history and memory, based on strategic, circular and reflective questions to explore their coping mechanisms and collective subjectivity; Likewise, an analysis of the case of the Salado Massacre is carried out where it is possible to identify emerging psychosocial aspects of their daily life and their socio-historical process, such as impacts from a bio-psycho-socio-cultural perspective and resilient elements in their experiences., allowing the establishment of psychosocial strategies for the community of Salado, with the objective of enhancing coping resources with a sad reality that they still keep in their minds. Sharing then the analytical report of different violence in different municipalities of Colombia, where the importance of a context is highlighted from a symbolic and subjective importance, keeping in mind how the image and the narrative are energizers of living memories, emphasizing the resources of coping that each territory has to fight against violence that does not belong to everyone

Eukariotic phytoplankton biomass and its availability for the food web at Riogrande II reservoir (Antioquia, Colombia)

RESUMEN: Con el objetivo de establecer la biomasa de carbono contenida en el fitoplancton eucariota del embalse Riogrande II (Antioquia, Colombia), entre agosto de 2011 y agosto de 2012, la porción de esa biomasa disponible para el zooplancton filtrador y la calidad de alimento que podría representar para dicho grupo, el fitoplancton se clasificó en dos rangos de longitud correspondientes a nanoplancton (5 a 20 μm) y microplancton (>20 μm). Para ambos grupos se calculó el contenido de carbono celular y la biomasa total en contenido de carbono. Además, para el nanoplancton, el cual corresponde a la fracción filtrable, se estimaron las concentraciones de nitrato y de fosfato. Los altos niveles de biomasa de organismos fototróficos evidenciaron el papel fundamental del fitoplancton eucariótico en la fijación de carbono. Sin embargo, debido a la eutrofización del sistema y a que la talla del zooplancton dominante es pequeña, el flujo de carbono y de nutrientes parece estar dirigido principalmente hacia la vía detrítica y las sustancias disueltas, y no directamente al zooplancton filtrador, cuya principal fuente de alimento en el fitoplancton eucariótico la constituyen los organismos nanoplanctónicos mixotróficos (Cryptophyta y Euglenophyta), que en función de un mayor volumen poseen concentraciones más elevadas de nitrato y fosfato y, por lo tanto, pueden proveer alimento de mejor calidad que el resto del nanoplancton.ABSTRACT: In order to establish the carbon biomass content in the eukaryotic phytoplankton at Riogrande II reservoir (Antioquia, Colombia) from August 2011 to August 2012, as well as the portion of this available biomass for filter-feeding zooplankton and the quality of food it could represent for each group, we classified phytoplankton considering two length ranges corresponding to nanoplankton (5 to 20 μm) and microplankton (>20 μm). We estimated the cellular carbon content and the total biomass represented as carbon content for both groups. We also estimated nitrate and phosphate concentrations for the nanoplankton, which corresponds to the filterable fraction. The high levels of phototrophic organisms biomass showed the essential role of eukaryotic phytoplankton in carbon fixation; however, due to the eutrophication of this reservoir and to the small size of dominant zooplankton, the carbon flux and nutrients seemed to be directed mainly to the detrital track and to dissolved substances and not directly to the filter-feeding zooplankton, whose main food source among eukaryotic phytoplankton is constituted by mixotrophic nanoplanktonic organisms (such as Cryptophyta and Euglenophyta), that according to their greater volume have higher concentrations of nitrate and phosphate and, therefore, can provide better quality food than the remaining nanoplankton

Eukariotic phytoplankton biomass and its availability for the food web at Riogrande II reservoir (Antioquia, Colombia)

Con el objetivo de establecer la biomasa de carbono contenida en el fitoplancton eucariota del embalse Riogrande II (Antioquia, Colombia), entre agosto de 2011 y agosto de 2012, la porción de esa biomasa disponible para el zooplancton filtrador y la calidad de alimento que podría representar para dicho grupo, el fitoplancton se clasificó en dos rangos de longitud correspondientes a nanoplancton (5 a 20 μm) y microplancton (>20 μm). Para ambos grupos se calculó el contenido de carbono celular y la biomasa total en contenido de carbono. Además, para el nanoplancton, el cual corresponde a la fracción filtrable, se estimaron las concentraciones de nitrato y de fosfato. Los altos niveles de biomasa de organismos fototróficos evidenciaron el papel fundamental del fitoplancton eucariótico en la fijación de carbono. Sin embargo, debido a la eutrofización del sistema y a que la talla del zooplancton dominante es pequeña, el flujo de carbono y de nutrientes parece estar dirigido principalmente hacia la vía detrítica y las sustancias disueltas, y no directamente al zooplancton filtrador, cuya principal fuente de alimento en el fitoplancton eucariótico la constituyen los organismos nanoplanctónicos mixotróficos (Cryptophyta y Euglenophyta), que en función de un mayor volumen poseen concentraciones más elevadas de nitrato y fosfato y, por lo tanto, pueden proveer alimento de mejor calidad que el resto del nanoplancton.In order to establish the carbon biomass content in the eukaryotic phytoplankton at Riogrande II reservoir (Antioquia, Colombia) from August 2011 to August 2012, as well as the portion of this available biomass for filter-feeding zooplankton and the quality of food it could represent for each group, we classified phytoplankton considering two length ranges corresponding to nanoplankton (5 to 20 μm) and microplankton (>20 μm). We estimated the cellular carbon content and the total biomass represented as carbon content for both groups. We also estimated nitrate and phosphate concentrations for the nanoplankton, which corresponds to the filterable fraction. The high levels of phototrophic organisms biomass showed the essential role of eukaryotic phytoplankton in carbon fixation; however, due to the eutrophication of this reservoir and to the small size of dominant zooplankton, the carbon flux and nutrients seemed to be directed mainly to the detrital track and to dissolved substances and not directly to the filter-feeding zooplankton, whose main food source among eukaryotic phytoplankton is constituted by mixotrophic nanoplanktonic organisms (such as Cryptophyta and Euglenophyta), that according to their greater volume have higher concentrations of nitrate and phosphate and, therefore, can provide better quality food than the remaining nanoplankton.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Prácticas de física : laboratorio II

1 archivo PDF (86 páginas)Manual de laboratorio de prácticas de física

Pathogenic variant profile in DNA damage response genes correlates with metastatic breast cancer progression-free survival in a Mexican-mestizo population

IntroductionMetastatic breast cancer causes the most breast cancer-related deaths around the world, especially in countries where breast cancer is detected late into its development. Genetic testing for cancer susceptibility started with the BRCA 1 and 2 genes. Still, recent research has shown that variations in other members of the DNA damage response (DDR) are also associated with elevated cancer risk, opening new opportunities for enhanced genetic testing strategies.MethodsWe sequenced BRCA1/2 and twelve other DDR genes from a Mexican-mestizo population of 40 metastatic breast cancer patients through semiconductor sequencing.ResultsOverall, we found 22 variants –9 of them reported for the first time– and a strikingly high proportion of variations in ARID1A. The presence of at least one variant in the ARID1A, BRCA1, BRCA2, or FANCA genes was associated with worse progression-free survival and overall survival in our patient cohort.DiscussionOur results reflected the unique characteristics of the Mexican-mestizo population as the proportion of variants we found differed from that of other global populations. Based on these findings, we suggest routine screening for variants in ARID1A along with BRCA1/2 in breast cancer patients from the Mexican-mestizo population