145 research outputs found
Parainfluenza virus 5 genomes are located in viral cytoplasmic bodies whilst the virus dismantles the interferon-induced antiviral state of cells
Although the replication cycle of parainfluenza virus type 5 (PIV5) is initially severely impaired in cells in an interferon (IFN)-induced antiviral state, the virus still targets STAT1 for degradation. As a consequence, the cells can no longer respond to IFN and after 24−48 h, they go out of the antiviral state and normal virus replication is established. Following infection of cells in an IFN-induced antiviral state, viral nucleocapsid proteins are initially localized within small cytoplasmic bodies, and appearance of these cytoplasmic bodies correlates with the loss of STAT1 from infected cells. In situ hybridization, using probes specific for the NP and L genes, demonstrated the presence of virus genomes within these cytoplasmic bodies. These viral cytoplasmic bodies do not co-localize with cellular markers for stress granules, cytoplasmic P-bodies or autophagosomes. Furthermore, they are not large insoluble aggregates of viral proteins and/or nucleocapsids, as they can simply and easily be dispersed by ‘cold-shocking’ live cells, a process that disrupts the cytoskeleton. Given that during in vivo infections, PIV5 will inevitably infect cells in an IFN-induced antiviral state, we suggest that these cytoplasmic bodies are areas in which PIV5 genomes reside whilst the virus dismantles the antiviral state of the cells. Consequently, viral cytoplasmic bodies may play an important part in the strategy that PIV5 uses to circumvent the IFN system
Determinants of self-reporting under the European corporate leniency program
We empirically investigate the determinants of self-reporting under the European corporate
leniency program. Applying a data set consisting of 442 firm groups that participated in 76
cartels decided by the European Commission between 2000 and 2011, we find that the
probability of a firm becoming the chief witness increases with its character as repeat
offender, the size of the expected basic fine, the number of countries active in one group as
well as the size of the firm’s share in the cartelized market. Our results have important
implications for an effective prosecution of anti-cartel law infringers
How to Determine the Pion Cloud of the Constituent Quark
We calculate the differential cross section for semi-inclusive pion
production in electron proton reactions using a model where the physical quark
fluctuates with some probability to quark plus pion. The kinematic regions for
a determination of this `pion cloud' are evaluated.Comment: 28 pages, including 10 figures; gzipped, uuencoded postscrip
Market Dynamics, Dynamic Resource Management and Environmental Policy in the Context of (Strong) Sustainability
Voting Islamist or Voting Secular? An Empirical Analysis of Voting Outcomes in 'Arab Spring' Egypt
Photophysiological responses of marine diatoms to elevated CO2 and decreased pH: a review
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