1,762 research outputs found
Direct measurement of DNA-mediated adhesion between lipid bilayers
Multivalent interactions between deformable mesoscopic units are ubiquitous
in biology, where membrane macromolecules mediate the interactions between
neighbouring living cells and between cells and solid substrates. Lately,
analogous artificial materials have been synthesised by functionalising the
outer surface of compliant Brownian units, for example emulsion droplets and
lipid vesicles, with selective linkers, in particular short DNA sequences. This
development extended the range of applicability of DNA as a selective glue,
originally applied to solid nano and colloidal particles. On very deformable
lipid vesicles, the coupling between statistical effects of multivalent
interactions and mechanical deformation of the membranes gives rise to complex
emergent behaviours, as we recently contributed to demonstrate [Parolini et
al., Nature Communications, 2015, 6, 5948]. Several aspects of the complex
phenomenology observed in these systems still lack a quantitative experimental
characterisation and fundamental understanding. Here we focus on the
DNA-mediated multivalent interactions of a single liposome adhering to a flat
supported bilayer. This simplified geometry enables the estimate of the
membrane tension induced by the DNA-mediated adhesive forces acting on the
liposome. Our experimental investigation is completed by morphological
measurements and the characterisation of the DNA-melting transition, probed by
in-situ F\"{o}rster Resonant Energy Transfer spectroscopy. Experimental results
are compared with the predictions of an analytical theory that couples the
deformation of the vesicle to a full description of the statistical mechanics
of mobile linkers. With at most one fitting parameter, our theory is capable of
semi-quantitatively matching experimental data, confirming the quality of the
underlying assumptions.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figure
Organic and healthy: assessing the impact of claims and third-party certifications on premium price
Organic food consumption is steadily growing across a variety of product categories. While consumers are increasingly focused on the healthiness of the food they purchase, companies are experimenting alternative ways to communicate and guarantee the organic and health-related benefits of their products. This study explores the effect of different combinations of front-of-package (FoP) components on premium price. Specifically, we focus on the interaction and visual salience of FoP organic claims, health-related claims, and third-party organic certifications. Based on an analysis of grocery sales data and product packaging visuals, the study identifies FoP component combinations that could maximise premiums. We offer insights to marketing managers and companies involved in enhancing the communication of organic food benefits to consumers
Dagli osservatóri agli Osservatòri
Quelli che hanno avuto il Vesuvio negli occhi, le loro storie di scienziati e di uomini, sono il tema di questo breve racconto. Storie di osservatóri, quindi, che hanno studiato il vulcano con passione, affascinati e sedotti da una montagna umbratile e solenne. Ma anche storie di Osservatòri, di contesti e tempi, ovvero, anch’essi mutevoli, in cui la scienza si organizza e si disorganizza per comprendere, prevedere, provvedere
Photon creation in a spherical oscillating cavity
We study the photon creation inside a perfectly conducting, spherical
oscillating cavity. The electromagnetic field inside the cavity is described by
means of two scalar fields which satisfy Dirichlet and (generalized) Neumann
boundary conditions. As a preliminary step, we analyze the dynamical Casimir
effect for both scalar fields. We then consider the full electromagnetic case.
The conservation of angular momentum of the electromagnetic field is also
discussed, showing that photons inside the cavity are created in singlet
states.Comment: 14 pages, no figure
Espécies de aves não nativas no Brasil
Many non-native species of birds have been introduced beyond the limits of their natural geographic ranges, where they may subsequently establish viable populations and perhaps become invasive. Much attention in the literature has been devoted to the study of bird introductions, but relatively little of that attention has been focused on introductions to the continental tropics. Here, we compile published data on records of non-native bird species introduced to the wild in Brazil, with the aim of organizing and standardizing available information to facilitate future studies in this context. A total of 59 bird species were classified as introduced in Brazil, with one further species believed to be a recent natural colonist. Published information implies that 14 species have established or probably established non-native populations in Brazil, while a further 10 species have possibly established non-native populations. In this context, we map the non-native distributions of non-native species of birds in Brazil. Additional research is needed to confirm the status of these species, as well as to establish practical measures to combat and control introductions.Key words: alien birds, biological invasions, exotic species.Muitas espĂ©cies nĂŁo nativas de aves tĂŞm sido introduzidas para alĂ©m dos seus limites geográficos naturais, onde elas posteriormente podem estabelecer populações viáveis e tornarem-se invasoras. Muita atenção tem sido dedicada a estudos com introdução de aves na literatura, mas relativamente pouca atenção tem sido focada em introduções nos continentes tropicais. No presente trabalho, compilamos os dados publicados sobre os registros de espĂ©cies de aves nĂŁo nativas introduzidas Ă vida selvagem no Brasil, com o objetivo de organizar e padronizar as informações disponĂveis para facilitar futuros estudos nesse contexto. Um total de 59 espĂ©cies de aves foi considerado introduzido no Brasil. Há, ainda, uma espĂ©cie adicional que acreditamos ser um recente colonizador natural. As informações publicadas indicam que 14 espĂ©cies tĂŞm estabelecido ou provavelmente estabeleceram populações nĂŁo nativas no Brasil, enquanto outras 10 espĂ©cies tĂŞm a possibilidade de estabelecerem populações nĂŁo nativas. Nesse contexto, mapeamos a distribuição das espĂ©cies nĂŁo nativas de aves no Brasil. Pesquisas adicionais sĂŁo necessárias para confirmar a situação dessas espĂ©cies, bem como para estabelecer medidas práticas para combater e controlar as introduções. Palavras-chave: aves invasoras, invasões biolĂłgicas, espĂ©cies exĂłticas
Electronic cigarette: a threat or an opportunity for public health? State of the art and future perspectives
The e-cigarette, also known as e-cig, represents an emerging issue
of great concern for public health. The aim of the present report was
to explore the scientific literature about the use of electronic cigarette
(e-cig), with a particular reference to the features of “toxicological
safety”, “effectiveness in overcoming the addiction to smoking the
traditional cigarette” and “necessary research agenda”. The efficacy
of e-cig for smoking cessation is uncertain: some authors found that it
can be a valid support, but long-term cessation rate has not be assessed.
Other studies evidenced that e-cig is often used not for quitting smoking but to avoid smoking ban for traditional cigarettes and, even, some
researches evidenced that it appears to contribute to nicotine addiction.
E-cig smoking seems to be less dangerous of conventional cigarettes,
but its use is not risk-free. Besides, cases of accidental or intentional
poisoning with liquid solutions of e-cig have been reported. Also, the
smoke of e-cig decreases indoor air quality, releasing particulate matter
and other toxics that can persist on surfaces for days and generating
passive exposure. These phenomena are similar to environmental
tobacco smoke produced by conventional smoking, that is the sum of
second- and third-hand smoke. We propose to call them “environmental
electronic smoke”, “electronic-second- hand smoke” and “electronicthird-hand smoke”, respectively. Uncertainties relating to e-cig features
determined the sequence, in the short term, of warnings and regulations
approved and then replaced. In conclusion, although in recent years
many researches were performed, evidences is limited and there is a
need to study in deep all these issues
Sepiolinae (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) from the Ligurian Sea
A collection of 130 specimens of Sepiola (ligulata, robusta, rondeletii, intermedia), 115 Rondeletiola minor, 90 Sepietta ( obscura, neglecta) and more abundant samples of S. oweniana obtained by trawl fishing in the Ligurian Sea are briefly illustrated in terms of depth distribution, sex ratio and maturity stages
Synthesis and anti-picornavirus activity of homo-isoflavonoids
Substituted homo-isoflavonoids were synthesized in order to study their in vitro anti-picornavirus activity. The maximum non-toxic concentration of the compounds for susceptible cells (HeLa) was determined, and the ability of non-cytotoxic concentrations to interfere with plaque formation by human rhinovirus (HRV) 1B and 14 and poliovirus (PV) 2 was examined. All the tested compounds were weakly effective against PV-2, while they exhibited a variable degree of activity against HRV-1B and -14 infection. Serotype 1B was much more sensitive than 14 to the action of the compounds, and the presence of one or more chlorine atoms increased the antiviral effect in all homo-isoflavonoids tested, confirming the positive influence of this substituent on activity
Epidemiology of intensive care unit-acquired sepsis in Italy: results of the SPIN-UTI network
BACKGROUND:
Sepsis is the major cause of mortality from any infectious disease worldwide. Sepsis may be the result of a healthcare associated infection (HAI): the most frequent adverse events during care delivery especially in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). The main aim of the present study was to describe the epidemiology of ICU-acquired sepsis and related outcomes among patients enrolled in the framework of the Italian Nosocomial Infections Surveillance in ICUs - SPIN-UTI project.
STUDY DESIGN:
Prospective multicenter study.
METHODS:
The SPIN-UTI network adopted the European protocols for patient-based HAI surveillance.
RESULTS:
During the five editions of the SPIN-UTI project, from 2008 to 2017, 47.0% of HAIs has led to sepsis in 832 patients. Overall, 57.0% episodes were classified as sepsis, 20.5% as severe sepsis and 22.5% as septic shock. The most common isolated microorganisms from sepsis episodes were Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The case fatality rate increased with the severity of sepsis and the mean length of ICU-stay was significantly higher in patients with ICU-acquired sepsis than in patients without.
CONCLUSION:
Our study provides evidence that ICU-acquired sepsis occurs frequently in Italian ICU patients and is associated with a high case fatality rate and increased length of stay. However, in order to explain these findings further analyses are needed in this population of ICU patient
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